232 BIRDS OF INDIA. 



closely resembles the only Titlark of Australia, A. australis, which 

 however has shorter toes and claws ; but the same naturalist has 

 procured specimens from the vicinity of Calcutta, that make an 

 exceedingly near approach to the Australian bird, which therefore 

 perhaps may be found in the Eastern portion of Northern and 

 Central Asia. Bonaparte, however, I see, has C. sinensis, 'like 

 Richardi, but smaller and more rufous beneath/ 



This large Pipit occurs throughout the greater part of India, 

 being only found in the cold weather, up to about the end of 

 April. It is found from Nepal and the Himalayas to the extreme 

 South ; more rare in Southern India, especially in the Carnatic ; 

 but tolerably common, indeed abundant, in Lower Bengal. 

 It is also found in Ceylon, in Burmah, aud other countries 

 to the eastward. It always affects swampy or wet ground, 

 grassy beds of rivers, edges of tanks, and especially wet rice 

 fields, either singly or in small parties. Its flight is strong, elegant, 

 and undulating, and it flies some distance in general before it 

 alights again. Swinhoe says that it is very ochreous on arrival 

 in China, but that this wears off; perhaps he here alludes to 

 the race alluded to above as Sinensis, Bonap. Out of India, it 

 occurs in Europe, Africa and Asia generally, rare in Britain. 

 It is brought in large numbers to the Calcutta market, uiid sold 

 as Ortolan. 



600. Oorydalla rufula Vieillot. 



Anthus, apud Vieillot — Blytii, Cat. 757 — Horsf., Cat. 566 

 — A. agilis, apud Jerdon, Cat. 190 —A. malaiensis, Eyton — 

 Cichlops ubiquitarius, Hodgson — Mngcl, H., — Chachari, H., at 

 Monghyr. Gurapa-madi jitta, Tel. 



The Indian Titlark. 



Descr. — Plumage above pale olive-brown, the feathers centered 

 with dusky brown ; beneath earthy or fulvous white, the fulvous 

 most developed on the breast ; chin white ; breast and sides of 

 throat marked with dusky brown stria? ; supercilium fulvous white ; 

 outermost tail-feathers almost all white ; the penultimate white on 

 the whole outer-web, and also a considerable portion, obliquely, 

 of the inner web. 



