S. Porter on the Vowel Elements in Speech. 179 
In English, the @ may sometimes be ee saps; thus 
broad and open, in words like psalm, balm 
II. Toe & Vowers.—The poktarigk fee “of the tongue is. 
somewhat raised and is adjusted on each side to the lower por- 
tion of the soft-palate to form the vowel-tube, which thus extends 
upward and forward a little way from the throat, and directs the 
vowel current obliquely upward. In this condition of the back- 
tongue, the tip and fore part will be naturally retracted, and 
more or less so as the vowel is more or less close. 
peaueee ground of the easy and frequent transition between 
War, warm, awe, lord, form, order, 
pinnae. (Prine, of Pan. $$ 7, 25.) The labial modification is 
tion. If we attempt it, we e make an porn: to the soft Ger- 
man g in Zage. 
Degree 2.—Vowel a2". The difference between this and the 
poosting i is not very strongly marked to the ear; but in some 
words the associated eerie make the vowel less close, as 
all, water, wander, son 
— Vowel a. Sod Pio, ma off, what, knowledge; 
differing a slightly from the prec 
ree 4.—Vowel d*. Here properly “alls the broad Low Ger- 
mana. Here, also, we find the initial element in a certain flat 
pronunciation’ of joy, rejoice, &c., heard not unfrequently,—4d* 
in place of d?4. Some speakers use this i A place of the properly 
close vowel in war, all, lord, niet &c., and even for the long o 
in glory, glorious, and other wo 
he Scotch mon, blaw, snaw, (for man, blow, snow,) obviously 
* Gardiner, in his Music of Nature, (p. 61, Am. ed.,) says of Macready ,“ By 
aiming too much a t distinctness, he incurs a false pronunciation of the dg 
which proceeds ies his drawi ng back too ack the corners of his mouth ; 
We wey Scarn for scorn, go "varth for oh forth, harrible! harrible! for horrible ! ! hor- 
rible !” Drowing bask the corners of the mouth is identical with entire absence of 
labial modification ; the vowel actually heard was, I doubt not, d*. 3 : 
