S. Porter on the Vowel Elements in Speech. 187 
Degree 4.— Vowel é*. The Swedish long é, as Carlén, from the 
best information I have, would appear +5 8 tat orrectly described 
as this vowel. Dr. Thomas's des: sription of it (Webster’s Dic- 
tionary, new ed., p. 1684) as “a sound resembling that of short 
¢ et a " would fee it very near to this, 
IX. tie t Vo —The most advanced group in the scale 
a 
the middle and back part of the ae: is sep aie 0 & position 
somewhat like that for the uw vowels, and with a aictiler or even 
oi arching up of the solt- -palate, 
I give this as the precise arrangement which brings out the 
sinnd most distinctly and most naturally. But, im all the ante- 
rior groups, as before remarked, owing to the extensile structure 
of the tongue, the articulation may have a determinate and 
nearly invariable place upon the palate, and yet reach to a vari- 
able point on the tongue. Thus, in this case, the tongue may 
be thrust forward, with the tip and fore part depressed behind 
the lower teeth; the terminus of the vowel-tube falling further 
, of course.” The variation is the same as may occur in 
the so-called ii consonants, ¢,n, d, which are properly made 
with the tip of the tongue, but can be uttered by using a part 
of the tongue considerably further back. 
The peculiar shape of the palatal arch, as it converges forward 
and gives to the passage a rounded form, would seem to bear an 
essential part in producing the vowels ‘of this group. If they 
can be imperfectly imitated at a place further back on the palate, 
it is done only by so shaping the si as to make a somewh 
ae converging fees rounded passag 
gree 1, — Vou weli', Machine, field, eat, &e., and the BEY 
ends - as eve, r, dee eep, &C. ; the long 7 on the continent, as 
(Fr.) avis, lire, 2 seer and (Ge er.) Mine, mer, wider. 
Vowel 1, aco long g u of-the French, as ruse, grue, and long 
% of the Germa ‘iber, Schiiler. As co commonly uttered, it 
might, if peor ‘ds labial modification, form a somewhat im- 
ure 7, made such by some admixture of ‘weousonantal y. This 
vonel < ahead sowhsen exists as developed from an original 
uv 
Vowel 12. The so-called short z of the French, as 
ami, fiddle, vif, and of the German, as mit, bitten, ncht. In 
English, may be heard in vehement, vehicle, divine, mitigate, 
ae As resented in the diagram in Max Miiller’s Lectures, second series, p. ~~ 
selon ‘be canas at fault in placing the _— of approximation q) 
