J. J. Woodward on Photo-micrography. 189 
done with the series of open vowels 7%, é*, &. (pin, Ger. denn, 
end, cat, but, willful, not, ner, Fr. bas or Eng. balm),—and the 
same fact of the regress of the vowel station will be observed. 
Experiments of this sort, fairly made, seem to me to furnish 
complete demonstration of the leading principles on which I 
insist. Further proof will appear in the sequel. 
Tf, on the other hand, we try to arrange all the vowels in a 
single series on any principle whatever, we find ourselves ut- 
terly baffled. If we distinguish them as simply more and less 
open or close, we find confusion instead of order. Nor should 
these terms open and close be applied otherwise than as I have 
done. It is true they might not unaptly be used to describe the 
difference as the vowel station moves back toward the throat or 
forward from it,—even as they might describe the corolla of a 
flower unfolded down toward the base or only near the tip,— 
but the terms are wanted to indicate the width of the expansion, 
and must therefore not be used for the depth. Neither is the 
confusion escaped by setting the labials in a class by themselves, 
arranged according to the extent of the labial opening: the 
labials cannot be all so discriminated, if we include all in actual 
use, while for the non-labials the difficulty still holds. Nor will 
any other subdivision answer, which falls short of the group- 
ings, or substantially such, as in the scheme here presented. 
[To be continued. ] 
Art. XXVI.—On Photo-micrography with the highest powers, as 
practised in the Army Medical Museum; by J. J. Woopwarp, 
M.D., Asst. Surgeon and Brevet Major U.S. Army, in charge 
of the Record and Pension Division Surgeon General’s Office, 
and of the Medical Section Army Medical Museum. 
PHotocRrapPHy had but just begun to attract attention when 
the attempt was made by Donné to reproduce microscopic objects 
by the Daguerrean process; and although the results of these ex- 
periments were far from satisfactory, they promised enough to lead 
to further efforts in this direction, renewed with each step in the 
gradual improvement of the photographic art. These exertions 
were crowned by acontinual progress, which did not however 
keep pace with the development of other branches of photogra- 
phy, though it must be admitted that in the hands of the more 
modern experimenters, and especially of Prof. Gerlach of Erlan- 
gen, Jos. Albert of Munich and Dr. R. L. Maddox of Southamp- 
ton, the success has been such as to guarantee a wide field of 
usefulness for this method of representation. 
In America, the chief experimenters have been Prof. 
Rood of Columbia College and Mr. Lewis M. Rutherfurd of 
Am. Jour. Sct.—Srconp Series, Vou. XLII, No. 125.—Sxpr, 1866. ee 
25 
£0. N, 
