S. Porter on the Vowel Elements in Speech. 305 
and the other the back-palatal, or the guttural, series. The vowels 
of the lingual series are also allied by ai general Sisediion of 
the vocal current forward, while in d, 0 and wu it is upward ;— 
the position of the tongue for this effect may be observed to ‘in- 
fluence the lower jaw: “tending to protrusion in at least d, o and 
u, and to retraction in at least a and Gd. The plausible and com- 
monly accepted scheme which regards these two series as deter- 
by the less and less palatal opening from a to 7 and the 
on peat less labial opening from a to u, fails to er the facts as 
they present themselves under accurate ‘observatio 
Other lines of vowel transition diverge from the guttural se- 
ries forwards toward % Thus, the open d, o and u are so related 
: 
man 6 of the wmlaut; and, by a similar process, we have the é 
vowels in the French eu from an original e+u. The connection 
is intimate between all degrees of the u with the i,—the tongue 
being so placed for the u oat by raising the fore-part, it — 
comes into position for the similar operatio 
between d@ and 7 in the ite ot diphthong, and ei neceat 
different vowels (d+ the proper one) and 2, in the various ways 
of pronouncing the Eng. “long 7.” From the open vowels gen- 
erally to the high position of the back tongue which forms the 
sions or middle x, the transition is easy, at least in diphthongal 
combination, as will presently be exemplified. e 
cial ground of ee between 7 and w in the similar positions 
of the soft-palat 
We are now prepared to consider the laws to which diph- 
thongal combinations are subject; but I will first enumerate the 
Principal pure diphthongs that are possible. They are :— 
le ati :*_Eng. only in Doe word ay, or aye, or sometimes heard in 
h, Sinai, &c., and in the long ¢ t, wrongfully. 
2. d+-i:—toil, boy; North of England long z. 
* Instead of i non-labial as the final element, we may have, in each case, the 
nila i (Ger. i, Fr.u). Dr. C. L. Merkel resolves the German diphéhoag du 
(Heuser, Serres: and e t (Feue sik le) into a+ii, His Physiologie der menschli- 
cough ana a care careful and minutely exact as well as original investi 
gor. “osce and Briicke undergo the ordeal of sound and searching criticism 
