THE V. & 
AMERICAN JOURNAL 
OF 
SCIENCEHK AND ARTS. 
EDITORS AND PROPRIETORS, : 
Rroressors JAMES D. DANA anv B. SILLIMAN. 
ASSOCIATE EDITORS, 
Prorrssors ASA GRAY anp WOLCOTT GIBBS, 
OF CAMBRIDGE, 
Prorrssors H. A. NEWTON, S. W. JOHNSON, 
GEO. J. BRUSH anv A. E. VERRILL, 
OF NEW HAVEN, 
Proressor EDWARD C. PICKERING, or Boston. 
THIRD SERIES. 
VOL. VIUII.—[WHOLE NUMBER, CVIIL] 
Nos. 43—4S. 
JULY TO DECEMBER, 1874. 
WITH SEVEN PLATES. 
NEW HAVEN: EDITORS. 
1874. 
