Geology and Natural History. 217 
Analysis 1, is by Ritthausen; 2, Aderholt; 3, A. reper 4, Struckmann ; 
5, 6, 9, Malaguti & Durocher; 7, 8, E. Wittig; 10, H. VohL.; 1, Schultz-Fleet. 
In the analyses that have been made of Ly copods , the amount of ash is 3°2 to 
per cent in weight of the dried plant; of Ferns 2°75 to 7°56 per cent; of Equi- 
setum arvense, 18°71 per cent; of Ea. Telmateia, 26°75 6 cent; of sori ow 
less than 2 per cent; of Chara fetida, 31°33 per cent; of Fungi, 3 "10 5 per 
cent; of Lichens, 1-14 to 17 per cent (the last Dba 9 but pind Soran 
114 and 4°30 per cent. In Lycopodium dendr Sileule. wes, in y 
found 3°25 per cent of ash; in L. complanatum, 5°47 per apes and in Eguisetum 
hyemale, 11°82 per cen 
dium pergratacy: on ye gous Aderholt 51° - per cent of alumina; or, 
when without spores, 57°36 per while Ritthaus pericea ge 39°07 alumina 
for this species, Aig 37°87 for '. pot a In Taos e silica consti- 
tutes 10 to 14 per cent of the ash. In the ash of Mosses hued been foun 
23°58 per cent of potash, 4 to 16 of silica, 1°06 to 6°56 of pad ceaied acid, 4°9 to 
10-7 of ng gece — Ferns, the amount of ash, so far as determined, varies 
The ash of Fungi ‘affords 21 to 54 per cent of potash, 0°36 to 11°8 of soda, 1°27 
to 8 of magnesia, 15 to 60 of phosphoric acid, and 0 to 15:4 of silica. Among 
Lichens, the ash of Cladonia arn shee contains 70°34 per cent of silica; of 
other xg less, down to 4 9 
Trapa natans , of bogs, in eee “affords 1 3 to 25 Pa cent of ash; and 25 per 
cent of ‘this are oxide of iron ie 203), with a pre of manganese. Of the ash 
Ste fot poalon: 9 ee nt are oxide n. 
these two weectatte make up 2 per cent of a sake, oe 
amount 2 silica and alumina, in fe Siconsinsie coal made from 
such plants (supposing three fifths of the material of the wood lost 
in making the coal, as estimated on page 363), 4 per cent; and 
the whole amount of ash about 4°75 per cent. - : e same ‘time, 
the ratio of silica to alumina would be nearly 3 t 
Now ma ny — of the bituminous coal of on Interior basin 
have obtained n r 3 per cent of ash, « or impurity, although 
the general neyo gute ase obviously impure re kin 5" 
4°5 to 6 per cent; being, for the coals of = hemi half o: 
Ohio, 5:1 2, and for the southern half 4°72 per ce es 
It hence follows that (1) the whole of the real: y in th : 
coals may have been derived from the plants; eee the amount 0 
odern 
food 
a) 
S 
2 
Q 
5 3 
na 
an £ “ 
the same tribes; (3) the winds = waters for long periods con- 
tributed almost no dust or detritus to ; and (4) the 
ash, or else the detritus, was asias in amount toward 
ers of the Interior marsh-region. In that era of moist climate 
