188 Geology of the Bosphorus. 
or in isolated blocks. The sandstones are of every variety, 
sometimes passing into true conglomerates, sometimes of a fine 
close grain, and with colors about equally varied, gray, yellow, 
and red predominating. The shales also vary in quality an 
color, some of them very nearly approaching slates, while others 
are marlites resembling some of those of the Tertiary period. 
All the soil which covers our hills, and is washed down to fill 
rarely used either for building or for lime, and consequently 
they are seldom found in the great quarries. The deposits on 
the Asiatic shore are more extended than on the Huropean. 
On the Asiatic shore fossils are abundant in the Giants Moun- 
tain, where they generally have a bright red color owing to the 
presence of oxide of iron. From Beicos, near the foot of the 
mountain, down to Caudilli they are found everywhere along 
the shores and on the hills, but especially at Caudlijah and 
Geukson. The hill between Caudlijah and Kurfess, which 18 
crowned by a beautiful grove of stone-pines and covered by an 
old Turkish cemetery, is made up of fossiliferous rock, and has 
furnished most of the specimens of Tchihatcheff and Abdullah 
Bey At Geukson the best specimens came from a poll 
about two miles back from the Bosphorus, where the Sultan has 
cut through a new road to his farm. 
Between Caudilli and Scutari we have found nothing except 
on heights near Bulgurlu and on the road to Alem-dagh. 
On the European shore fossils are found on the extreme 
state. At Yeni Kusi, Stenia, Emirghian, and in the main valley 
of Baltaliman we have found nothing near the shore and only 
here and there one on the hills, although these villages ar 
opposite the rich deposits of Caudlijah. 
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