38 A. Winchell—Diagonal System in the 
whose outlets are east or west of their sources, pursue zigzag 
courses to their mouths, in order to conform to the diagonal 
system. The St. Joseph River, from its sources in Hillsdale 
ounty, pursues a general southeasterly course to South Bend 
in Indiana, and then flows northwest to Lake Michigan. The 
Cass River flows southwest into Saginaw County, and describes 
a rounded angle toward the northwest, to pursue its course to 
the Saginaw. The Flint*flows southwest 85 miles to Flint, and 
then northwest 30 miles to the Shiawassee. The Shiawassee 
flows northwest 35 miles to Owosso, then northwest 35 miles to 
the Saginaw. e Raisin, traced from its higher tributaries, 1s 
found to flow from the southern part of Jackson County, south- 
east 15 miles, then east-northeast 7 miles, then southeast 7 miles, 
then northwest 18 miles, then southeast 15 miles to Lake Erie. 
The Pine River (of the east) flows southeast 28 miles, then 
northeast 38 miles to the Tittabawassee. This river, from its 
source to Saginaw Bay through the Tittabawassee, consists of 
four sections, two almost rigorously at right angles with the 
other two, and all lying along the diagonals. The Becs Scies 
(or Betsie) River flows southwest 20 miles, then northeast 15 
miles, into Lake Michigan. 
Nor are there any considerable streams not included in the 
foregoing mention, whose valleys conform to the direction of 
the cardinals. The river St. Clair and a portion of the Detroit 
constitute an exception to the statement, to which reference 
will be made in the sequel. The axis of Grand Traverse Bay 
trends meridionally, as that of Little Traverse Bay trends trans- 
meridionally. There are also some unimportant streams in the 
southern peninsula whose general direction is cardinal; but 
even in io it is interesting to note to how great an extent 
the general course is made up from a number of inconsiderable 
reaches conforming to the diagonal system. 
If we look toward the upper peninsula, the attention is im- 
mediately arrested by the euroboreal trends of Kewenaw Point 
and Bay, the copper range, the Porcupine Mountains and Ile 
Royale. The general watershed of the upper peninsula exempli- 
fies the law in a beautiful manner. Beginning at Pt. Detour it 
ursues a west-northwest course 23 miles; it then proceeds 
"N.N.W. 13 miles, then W.N.W. 10 miles, then S.W. 16 
miles, then N.W. 48 miles, then S.W. 34 miles, then N.W. 
6 miles, then a little E. of N. 6 miles, then S.W. 12 miles, then 
N.W. 87 miles, thence 8.W. by zigzag courses 50 miles to the 
Wisconsin line. The Menominee, Escanaba and other affluents 
of Green Bay flow southeast. The same is true of the upper 
waters of the Monistique and all its tributaries, while the main 
er flows southwest. The Montreal, Presqu’Ile, Ontonagon, 
Flint-steel and all the streams of Kewenaw Point, have their 
