J. D. Dana—Reindeers in Southern New England. 355 
e European Reindeer (Rangijer tarandus) that it must have 
belonged to the same or a very nearly related species. Its 
ae a and agrees so closely with the corresponding bone of 
t 
caribou) is much Jess marked. The humerus also evidently 
belonged to a Reindeer, but the proportions are somewhat simi- 
lar to those of the Caribou.” 
Both bones when found were without a trace of wear or frac- 
ture. The tibia had lost much of its gelatine and has hence 
become somewhat cracked from drying since it was exhumed. 
The humerus has almost the freshness and firmness of a recent 
bone. Both are of a light brownish color from their long 
burial. The difference in the conditions of the two bones Mr. 
Crafts explains by saying that the humerus was imbedded in the 
laminated clay, and the tibia in a portion of the clay-bed con- 
taining sandy seams an inch or so thick, and open therefore to 
te waters. Besides relics of mammals, the clay beds 
ave afforded no organic forms either vegetable or anim 
The microscope reveals nothing. 
The bones give us an insight into the life of New England in 
the early part of the Quaternary, proving that Reindeers of 
ates type were living here. From the facts we gather 
bat :— 
1. The bones are probably not of pre-Glacialage. They are 
certainly not bones which the glacier had taken up from the soil 
underneath it along with moraine material for transportation 
and deposition : this being evinced by their freedom from all 
ferent times, four feet in thickness of the clay wing haed be- 
tween them. They therefore belonged to different individuals. 
_ 8. The clay bed is of glacial origin. For it contains an occa- 
onal bowlder of large size,* and is overlaid by sands and 
Stavel of the stratified drift. 
4. If the reindeer bones were not pre-Glacial they must have 
Come from reindeers living in the nistipias valley after the 
glacier had retreated to the north of the valley. And since the 
© *y-bed is of glacial origin, its bowlders must have come 
from lee-floes that floated down stream from the retreated 
glacier, 
*This volume, page 177; the bowlder there referred to is of trap. 
