180 S. P. Sadtler—Analytical Notices. 
the stratified surface, as by up-building on this surface, by the 
out-squeezing of liquid matter. In either case, however, 
whether by uplifting or by up-building. the actual increase of 
height would be precisely the same, being determined by the 
amount of lateral crushing. 
Of course, these two modes of mountain-making ma 
combined in various proportions. We will now illustrate by 
examples. 
The Appalachian chain was first formed and nearly com- 
pleted at the end of the Coal period, by mashing, folding and 
up-swelling only, while its second but trifling increase at the 
end of the Jurassic was attended with fissure eruptions of con- 
siderable extent. The Sterra Range was first formed at the end 
of the Jurassic, by mashing together and up-swelling only; 
while its subsequent slight imcrease at the end of the Tertiary 
was attended with great fissure-eruptions. Similarly the Coast 
nge was formed by crushing together and up-swelling of its 
sediments at the end of the Miocene, while its great fissure erup- 
tions did not take place until the end of the Pliocene or later. 
So, also, the Cascade Range was first born of the sea by horizon- 
tal mashing and vertical swelling, probably at the end of the 
Jurassic, though only as a low range, continuing the Sierra 
; its great subsequent increase took place at the end 
of the Miocene, by the outpouring of the great lava flood. 
Thus the Appalachian, the Sierra and the Coast Ranges were 
formed almost fully grown by the first method, while the Cas- 
cade Range was formed almost wholly by the second process. 
There are also of course some mountain ranges which are formed 
wholly by the first process, i. e, by successive upliftings with- 
out any eruptions at all. 
he view which I have presented above in its main features 
is equally tenable, whether we regard the sub-mountain liquid 
as locally formed by the transformation of mechanical energy 
into heat, as maintained by Mallet and believed by me, or 
whether we regard it as a remnant of the original sub-crust fire- 
sea of Dana. 
[To be continued. ] 
Art. XVIII.— Analytical Notices; by SamuEL P. SADTLER, 
Ph.D., Prof. of Chemistry, etc., Pennsylvania College, Pa. 
mends to the attention of chemists aes as a jest piece 
i e last month to use 
