FE. Suess—Origin of the Alps. 449 
two equal and corresponding side zones, and grant that the 
whole mountain-chain, from the Appenines to the Carpathians, 
is the product of a common force, which has acted more or less 
in a horizontal direction. 
essentially the same as in later epochs. 
. The consideration of all the subjects touched upon in the 
preceding paragraphs lead to conclusions which to a very con- 
siderable extent agree with those arrived at by Prof. Dana in 
his discussion of mountain-making in general. 
he force which acted to produce the results, which we see 
to-day must have been a horizontal one, as is abundantly proved 
bya survey of all the facts. The exertion of this horizontal 
force was essentially influenced by resistance from four different 
sources: 1, from the presence of foreign masses of older rocks ; 
2, from the folding mass itself; 3, from the occasional introduc- 
tion of older volcanic rocks, as granite and porphyry, in the 
moving mass; 4, finally, it appears that single mountain masses, 
like the Adamello or the red- rphyry, near Botzen, have 
exerted an essential influence on the development of the sur- 
rounding mountain region. 
The examination of the various mountain regions of Europe 
hot included in the Alpine system, gives confirmation of the 
views thus far expressed in regard to the one-sided nature 
Of mountains, and the horizontal shove which has been the 
cause of their elevation. This is true of the Bohemian region, 
_ as a whole; of the Riesengebirge, the Erzgebirge, and 
on. 
[For a detailed discussion of the subject, reference must be 
€ to the complete memoir, of which this is an abstract. 
The direction of the fracture lines varies from northeast to 
northwest, and the motion was mostly to the northward, though 
some isolated exceptions, in the case of a southerly movement, 
