﻿LIMESTONES 
  OF 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  AND 
  THEIR 
  ECONOMIC 
  VALUE 
  403 
  

   PORTLAND 
  CEMENT 
  

  

  Portland 
  cement 
  was 
  discovered 
  by 
  Joseph 
  Aspin 
  of 
  Leeds, 
  

   England, 
  who 
  desired 
  to 
  make 
  an 
  artificial 
  cement 
  that 
  would 
  

   replace 
  natural 
  hydraulic 
  cements. 
  It 
  received 
  its 
  name 
  because 
  

   it 
  hardened 
  under 
  water 
  to 
  a 
  mass 
  resembling 
  Portland 
  stone. 
  

  

  The 
  use 
  of 
  hydraulic 
  cement 
  is 
  very 
  old, 
  still 
  the 
  industry 
  has 
  

   been 
  developed 
  entirely 
  in 
  the 
  present 
  century. 
  In 
  this 
  country 
  

   the 
  portland 
  cement 
  industry 
  is 
  widespread 
  and 
  active 
  but 
  still 
  

   not 
  enough 
  to 
  supply 
  the 
  home 
  markets, 
  for 
  the 
  growth 
  of 
  the 
  

   Portland 
  cement 
  industry 
  has 
  been 
  greatest 
  abroad 
  up 
  to 
  the 
  last 
  

   three 
  or 
  four 
  years. 
  

  

  In 
  England 
  portland 
  cement 
  is 
  made 
  chiefly 
  in 
  the 
  Thames 
  and 
  

   Medway 
  districts 
  where 
  white 
  and 
  gray 
  chalks 
  and 
  river 
  mud 
  

   are 
  used. 
  In 
  Germany 
  the 
  portland 
  cement 
  industry 
  is 
  developed 
  

   chiefly 
  in 
  the 
  northern 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  empire, 
  the 
  region 
  about 
  

   Stettin 
  and 
  the 
  Khine 
  valley 
  being 
  important 
  centers 
  of 
  produc- 
  

   tion. 
  In 
  these 
  localities 
  the 
  materials 
  used 
  are 
  chiefly 
  chalks 
  

   and 
  marls 
  which 
  are 
  mixed 
  with 
  clay. 
  In 
  southern 
  Germany 
  and 
  

   Austria 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  Switzerland 
  hard 
  limes 
  are 
  used, 
  in 
  northern 
  

   France 
  marls, 
  chalks 
  and 
  clays 
  are 
  the 
  materials 
  employed. 
  

  

  The 
  enormous 
  development 
  of 
  the 
  portland 
  cement 
  industry 
  

   in 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  the 
  amount 
  of 
  material 
  used 
  both 
  

   native 
  and 
  foreign 
  may 
  be 
  judged 
  from 
  the 
  following 
  table 
  which 
  

   gives 
  the 
  production 
  of 
  portland 
  cement 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  

   from 
  1891 
  to 
  1897 
  inclusive 
  and 
  also 
  the 
  imports 
  for 
  these 
  years. 
  

   These 
  imports 
  include 
  shipments 
  from 
  Germany, 
  Belgium, 
  

   France, 
  England 
  and 
  Denmark. 
  

  

  1891 
  1893 
  1895 
  1896 
  1898 
  

  

  bbl. 
  bbl. 
  bbl. 
  bbl. 
  bbl. 
  

  

  United 
  States. 
  . 
  . 
  454 
  813 
  590 
  652 
  990 
  324 
  1 
  543 
  023 
  3 
  692 
  284 
  

   Imports 
  2 
  988 
  313 
  2 
  674 
  149 
  2 
  997 
  395 
  2 
  989 
  597 
  2 
  013 
  818 
  

  

  Total 
  3 
  443 
  126 
  3 
  264 
  801 
  3 
  987 
  719 
  4 
  532 
  620 
  5 
  706 
  102 
  

  

  Exports 
  14 
  276 
  83 
  682 
  85 
  486 
  36 
  732 
  

  

  This 
  shows 
  that 
  the 
  total 
  consumption 
  has 
  increased 
  between 
  

   30 
  and 
  40$ 
  and 
  that 
  this 
  increase 
  has 
  been 
  supplied 
  mostly 
  by 
  

  

  