BY THE REV. J. E. TENISON-WOODS. 85 



carbonic acid, and less oxygen than atmospheric air. The vascular 

 tufts clothing the wall of the intestine originate from adjacent 

 veins in the same way as the afferent vessels of a lung. Species 

 of floras and Hypostomus inhabiting the Upper Amazon, respire 

 air in the same way as the Callichthys, but in the Hypostomi the 

 used air is returned towards the mouth, and escapes by that orifice 

 or by the branchial apertures. 



In Sudis gigas and some species of Erythrinus aerial respiration 

 takes place by the agency of the swimming-bladder, which in the 

 latter, has long been known to communicate with the outer world 

 through the oesophagus, and to be furnished internally with 

 numerous cells formed by membranous folds. Prof. Jobert finds 

 that the walls of the swimming-bladder, including all these folds, 

 are richly provided with blood-vessels, mostly originating from the 

 venous system, and that it is thus converted into a true lung, by 

 the possession of which the fishes are enabled to live for a long 

 time out of water. Of the reality of this respiration Prof, Jobert 

 convinced himself experimentally by obstructing the air-duct 

 leading to the bladder ; the fish soon died by suffocation. These 

 observations are particularly interesting as establishing further 

 bonds between the true fishes, the Lepidosiren, and the perenni- 

 branchiate Batrachians, which possess at the same time branchiae 

 and true lungs. (Gomptes Eendus, Ap. 15, 1878). 



Note on the Garum of the Ancients. — Crawfurd appears 

 to have quoted second-hand, so it may be of interest to show 

 what the ancients said on the matter. There is a good deal 

 explained by the elder Pliny in- Book XXXI., chapter 44, and 

 a doubtful reference in Horace, 8th Satire, line 46. The follow- 

 ing is what Pliny says : — 



" Another liquor, too, of a very exquisite nature is that known 

 as Garum. It is prepared from the intestines of fish and other 

 portions of offal, macerated in salt, and in fact it is the product 

 of their putrefaction. Garum was formerly preserved from a fish 

 called ' Garos,' by the Greeks." 



