348 DR. W. HIND AND ME. J. A. HOWE ON THE [Aug. I9OI, 



The main portion of the paper naturallj' deals with the country 

 immediately bordering the Pennine System, but it has been found 

 expedient to mention certain outlying areas such as Poolvash (Isle 

 of Man) ; Budle (Northumberland) ; Yenn (Somerset) ; and County 

 Dublin and Foyne's Island in Ireland, where Pendleside fossils are 

 found ; or such districts as the Calciferous Sandstone area of Fife- 

 Bhire, in order to bring out the range and horizon of some of the 

 fossils (see tables of isodietic lines, figs. 2 & 3, pp. 380 & 382). 



The reef-knoll district of Cracoe and Thorpe, near Skipton, has 

 also been referred to, because the limestone of these knolls has 

 erroneously, as we believe, been recorded as Pendleside Limestone. 



II. The Steatigraphical Succession. 



Pendle Hill constitutes the western margin of the Burnley 

 Coalfield, and extends as a long ridge in a north-easterly and south- 

 westerly direction. The north-western flank of the hill forms an 

 escarpment which rises to 1831 feet above sea-level, and is composed 

 of a complete succession of the rocks between the Millstone Grit and 

 the Carboniferous Limestone. An almost continuous section is to 

 be seen in the various brooks which drain the north-western flank 

 of the hill, not indeed complete in any single stream, but certain 

 stream-sections are complementary to the others. 



The stratigraphical sequence is roughly as follows : — Forming 

 the summit of the hill is a thick bed of grit, called by the ofiicers 

 of the Geological Survey the Pendle Grit, and identified as the 

 equivalent of the ^ shale ' or Farcy's Grit in the Peak District of 

 Derbyshire. It is usually a fine-grained rock, though with local 

 variations, and contains felspar, mica, and large concretions which 

 are characteristic of Farcy's Grit in the Peak District. Below the 

 Pendle Grit comes a succession of black shales with thin earthy lime- 

 stones ; these were called the BoUand Shales by John PhiUips, 

 who recognized the fact that they were the equivalents of the shales 

 below Farey's Grit in Derbyshire. In the Bolland Shales, existing 

 as a lenticular bed, is a mass of sandstones with shales, to which the 

 name Lower Yoredale Grit has been applied. This bed is of 

 very local character, and cannot be clearly traced for any distance. 

 In this respect it resembles many other beds of the Millstone Grit 

 Series, which repeatedly pass laterally into shales, suddenly thicken, 

 or die out altogether. The Lower Yoredale or Pendleside 

 Grit occupies a slight depression in the contour of the hill, and 

 consists of bands of grit and shale. The last-named contain a 

 fauna identical with the shales above and below this grit-bed. 



Underlying the Pendleside Grit is a series of shales and mud- 

 stones, more sandy in the upper part and more calcareous in the 

 lower, which separate it from the Pendleside Limestone. This 

 series forms a particularly well-marked feature all along the north- 

 western flank of the hill, and is well exposed in the several 'doughs' 

 or brook-courses. The name Pendleside Limestone mightgive 

 rise to the impression that there was a single moderately thick bed 

 of limestone ; but this is not so, for with the exception of the upper 



