^ol. 57.] PENDLESIDE GROUP AT PBNDLB HILL, ETC. 349 



part of the series (where the beds of limestone are closer together 

 and not separated by shales), the limestones are comparatively thin, 

 and the shales between them nearly equal in mass to the calcareous 

 beds. The Pendleside Limestone commences at the top with a 

 bed of large ' bullions/ very hard and compact, breaking with a 

 conchoidal fracture, and containing goniatites ( Glyphioceras reticu- 

 latum) and fragments of other fossils. This is underlain by beds of 

 hard, compact, grey limestone with small crinoid-stems, as well as 

 Productus scahriciihis and Pr. semireticulatus. This passes down- 

 ward into darker hard limestones, which break with a subconchoidal 

 fracture and weather into ' anvil-forms.' They frequently have small 

 chert-bands, are finely and regularly stratified, and are often polished 

 "by the peaty water. Whole fossils are scarce. Some distance lower 

 down, about the middle of the series, is a bed of yellowish crystalline 

 limestone, weathering grey, and showing small broken fragments 

 of shells and crinoids projecting from its surface ; bands of chert 

 which weather white occur in places. 



Below the last-named beds the limestones are thinner, darker and 

 more impure, and shales gradually assert themselves. The black 

 shales immediately at the base contain few fossils — Chonetes 

 Laguessiana, Productus Corci^ Prolecanites compressus, and Orthoceras 

 sp. 



From the foot of the Pendleside Limestone the surface of the 

 ground slopes gradually down to the point where the Carboniferous 

 Limestone rises again somewhat abruptly in the Clitheroe anticline. 

 This space is occupied by soft black shales, with a few bands of 

 impure limestone in the lower part containing a sparse but typical 

 fauna. 



The officers of the Geological Survey calculate the thickness of the 

 beds between the top of the massif of limestone and the base of the 

 Pendleside Limestone as 2500 feet, but we are of opinion that this 

 estimate is too high. There are two points from which satisfactory 

 measurements may be taken ; — (1) from the inlier of limestone south- 

 east of Downham to the base of the Pendleside Limestone ; and (2) 

 from Warsaw End to Moorside. The first aff'ords few sections on 

 the actual line, but exposures north-east and south-west of it sho\i 

 that the beds are comparatively undisturbed, and it is obvious that the 

 whole succession must be included between the points mentioned. 

 The Survey section (Hor. Sec. Sheet 85) passes between the above 

 two lines and strikes the Carboniferous Limestone too far west, and 

 therefore adds considerably to the thickness of the shale. Our own 

 estimate of the thickness of these shales is 1500 feet, assuming an 

 .average dip of 30°. 



The contour of the massif of limestone is very irregular, and does 

 not correspond with the strike of the shales. This fact is well seen 

 in the brook south of Warsaw End House, where a bed of lime- 

 stone with calcareous shales is observed striking for some distance 

 north-east and south-west, parallel to the strike of the beds on Pendle 

 Hill, but not in any way parallel to the line of the limestone-feature 

 which forms a number of bays and promontories. The distance of 

 this limestone-bed from the strike of the Carboniferous Limestone 



2b2 



