364 DK. W. HIND AND MR. J. A. HOWE ON THE [Aug. I9OI, 



the Carboniferous LimestoDe, and that the absence of shale and 

 sandstone in the southern type was due to a considerable difference 

 of level at or about the faults, which in some way fixed a line 

 beyond which the different sediments from the north and south could 

 not pass. 



The statement that the change from the northern to the southern 

 type is sudden, and that the change takes place at the Craven 

 Faults, is, however, not borne out by field-work. 



The sections described in the foregoing pages of the upper part of 

 the Carboniferous Limestone at Barnoldswick, Gill Eock, Eimmington 

 railway -cutting, Whitewell, and the large quarry south of Chipping, 

 at least 10 miles south of the lower limb of the Craven Faults, 

 show a tendency to change, to a certain extent, to the northern 

 type over this area. On the other hand, there is no sign of a 

 change to the northern type in the fine and extensive sections of 

 limestone from Gordale Scar by Malham, Settle to Giggleswick; 

 and, indeed, north of the faults indications of the change are 

 entirely absent along the eastern Limestone Grit margin for several 

 miles. Here, as pointed out by Phillips,^ the change to the Yoredale 

 Series comes on gradually, by the intercalation of beds of shale and 

 sandstone in the limestone which farther south was one mass. 

 He shows that this series increases rapidly to the north, and that 

 the beds which measure 277 feet in Great Whernside thicken to 

 -510 feet at Starbottom. 



Further, we know that the Yoredale Series as we see it in 

 Ingleboro' and Penyghent, becomes much more complicated as it 

 passes northward, there being more separate definite beds of lime- 

 stone capable of being mapped and traced over large areas; and that 

 the Lower Scar Limestone, or all that remains of the great mass of 

 limestone south of the fault, itself becomes subdivided as it passes 

 northward to Westmoreland and Northumberland, forming the 

 Melmerby Scar Series of Shap and the Cross-Fell range. 



On the other hand, too, the masses of limestone to the north-west, 

 in the Barrow, Burton-in-Kendal, and Kirkby Lonsdale districts, 

 have certainly not assumed the northern type. 



The shale-country round Whittington and Hutton gives several 

 sections, and shows only a single bed of limestone separated from 

 the main mass. The fauna of these beds, however, appears to be 

 distinct from that of the Pendleside Group, the limestone and 

 shales yielding a typical Carboniferous -Limestone fauna. 



A small stream east of Berwick Hall gives a section of some 

 200 feet of shales with thin sandstones. 



We examined the bed of limestone north of Whittington 

 village, and found an extensive section in the stream and a neigh- 

 bouring quarry. The limestone was yellowish, about 2o feet thick, 

 and had shales above and below it. It contained crinoids, a fish- 

 tooth, and shell- fragm ents ; but the shales were more fossiliferous, 

 yielding crushed Productus and other limestone-forms. 

 . 1 ' Geology of Yorkshire ' pt. ii (1836) p. 32. 



