Crustacea.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 603 



subantarctic regions. Another species, Deto aucldandiae, belongs to a genus of similar 

 distribution, for species are known from New Zealand and the neighbouring islands, 

 South America, Cape Colony, St. Paul (in the Indian Ocean), and Australia, and 

 the genus is not known from any other locality. The Auckland Island species is 

 peculiar to those islands, but is represented in New Zealand by D. novae-zealandiae 

 (Filhol), which is very close to, if not identical with, a species described many years 

 ago from Chili under the names Oniscus bucculentus ( ^ ) and 0. tuherculatus ( ? ), 

 Nicolet. 



The conclusions drawn from the above facts would be strengthened by a con- 

 sideration of the distribution of the species of Hyale found on the subantarctic 

 islands of New Zealand, for though, of course, marine, they are found only in shallow 

 waters near the coast. Of the three species, one, H. campbellica (Filhol), is known 

 only from Campbell Islands, and is a doubtful species ; of the other two, one cer- 

 tainly extends to South America, South Georgia, and Kerguelen, and the other 

 probably to South America. 



The marine Crustacea from these islands, omitting the Entomostraca, number 

 fifty. Of these, only one genus and four species are endemic, and two of these species 

 are doubtful ; of the remainder, thirty are found in one or more of the other sub- 

 antarctic or antarctic localities, and about eight of the others extend to Australia 

 and other places beyond New Zealand, while only twelve are confined to the 

 New Zealand region, and some of these are represented by closely allied species 

 in other subantarctic islands. Some five antarctic or subantarctic species are 

 found in the islands, which do not appear to extend to the main islands of New 

 Zealand. 



It will thus be seen that the marine forms very considerably strengthen the 

 evidence as to the large antarctic element in the crustacean fauna of these islands 

 and to the close similarity of their Crustacea to those of the other subantarctic 

 regions. 



In connection with the species of the terrestrial genus Parorchestia there is one 

 point that seems worthy of note. It is a curious fact that although the male of 

 P. sylvicola (Dana) on the main islands of New Zealand is very rare, nearly all the 

 specimens captured being females, yet in the three species found on the Auckland 

 and Campbell Islands the males appear to be almost as abundant as the females 

 — at least, so far as the collections before me enable me to judge. I have noticed 

 that with species of Orchestia and Talorchestia on the sea-shore of New Zealand the 

 males are usually fairly abundant, and approximate in number to that of the females. 

 Whatever may be the conditions producing this result in littoral situations, it is 

 probable that the same conditions obtain to a considerable extent over the whole 

 of these subantarctic islands, for, owing to the damp climate and the abundance 

 of undergrowth, the soil is always more or less wet, and the strong westerly winds 

 carry the sea-spray over the greater part of the islands. In islands like these it 

 is easy to see that the transition from life on the sea-shore within reach of the 

 sea-spray to terrestrial life at higher altitudes may be quite gradual, and be easily 

 accomplished. 



I have not repeated all the references given in well-known works, such as 

 Stebbing's " Das Tierreich Amphipoda," but have given only those that appeared 

 necessary in each case. 



