Geology.] 



SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. 



Surface. 



683 



Undulating and hilly country forms the surface of Campbell Island. In the 

 south Mounts Puiseux (1,322 ft.), Eboule, Dumas (1,650 ft,), Paris (1,526 ft.), and 

 Yvon Villarceau rise almost vertically from the ocean-shore. In the south-east 

 Mount Honey (1,867 ft.), with its plateau extending eastward, occupies all the area 

 between Perseverance Harbour and South-east Bay. Lyall Pyramid extends as a 

 ridge east and west, and separates North-east Harbour from Perseverance Harbour. 

 Mounts Azimuth (1,600 ft.), Faye (1,155 ft.), and Fizeau (1,555 ft.) form a nearly 

 continuous plateau north of the North-east Harbour, and the first of them, rises 

 vertically from the western shore. Lesser heights — St. Col (984 ft.) and low ground 

 elsewhere — fringe the west ; while the curious conical Menhir stands between Dumas 

 and Yvon Villarceau. Another small conical hill — Mount Beeman — rises from the 

 low ground east of Tucker Cove. North-east Bay is separated from the western 

 coast by ground 1,000 ft. high ; but only undulating country, nowhere more than 

 500 ft. in elevation, separates Perseverance Harbour from North-west Bay. 



2327 



Fig. 1. — Panorajiic Sketch of Campbell Island, from the top of Mount Pakis. 



As noted by Filhol, the surface of this island presents some striking features. 

 The main elevations approach generally the same level, but are quite separated 

 by low saddles, though Mount Azimuth and Mount Faye are exceptions, as they 

 are situated on the same plateau. Usually the elevations have peak-like summits, 

 though in some instances, such as Mount Lyall and Mount Honey, they have wide 

 plateau-like shoulders. All the higher hills are fringed in their upper portions by 

 a series of terraces, which rise like serried ramparts from the sloping ground below, 

 and are often so abrupt as to present formidable obstacles to all who attempt to scale 

 them. It will be noticed that this description agrees perfectly with that given of 

 Kerguelen by Renard.* Some of the lower hills have not this fortified appearance. 

 The Menhir has gently sloping sides until the crowning rock of druidical appearance, 

 to which its name is due, is reached at the summit. Mount Beeman, too, has no 

 succession of ramparts, but for much of its height it has precipitous walls of rock. 



To the most casual observer it is evident that the terraced form of the hills 

 is due to the outcrop of nearly horizontal flows of lava, separated by the less-resistant 

 scoria-beds, the material of which was emitted between the periods of lava-flow. 



The drainage of the island presents some peculiar features. The greater part 

 of the rainfall flows to the east, and this is particularly marked at the head of North- 



* Part vii, " Physics and Chemistry of Voyage of ' Challenger,' " p. 3, iii. 



