710 



SUBANTARCTiC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND. [Physiography, Geology. 



extension of the harbour from the western coast, and the drainage is exclusively 

 easterly. The western coast-line is thus being eroded, so that large areas of the 

 upper basins of the valleys are being continually removed. 



The depth of Carnley Harbour, as appears from the Admiralty charts, is nowhere 

 greater than 50 fathoms, and that is just inside its eastern entrance ; and, from a 

 general examination of the soundings, it does not show the form of a typical fiord. 

 The large bays usually terminate in pebbly beaches, though sandy ones occur occa- 

 sionally. A considerable area of shallow water occurs at the head of North Arm and 

 Musgrave Harbour. The general form of the harbour has resulted from the opera- 

 tion of stream and glacier erosion on the enlarged hollow of a great volcanic crater. 



Fig. 5. — Pokt Ross, with Provision-depot. 



The harbour of next importance is Port Ross. This is evidently a drowned 

 valley running north-east and south-west, with its unsubmerged portion prolonged 

 to the western coast, so that its upper part has been cut off by the eastward move- 

 ment of the western coast-line. Numerous small sheltered coves fringe its shores, 

 and round its entrance is a circle of small islands, which give unrivalled protection 

 in all weathers (fig. 5.) 



Norman's Inlet, Smith's Harbour, and Cascade Inlet are small harbours with 

 steep sides and deep water, reproducing in miniature all the features of the West 

 Coast Sounds of New Zealand. Their form will be more fully dealt with when treat- 

 ing of the glaciation to which the land-surface has been subjected (fig. 6.) 



