Summary of Results.] SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OF NEW ZEALAND, 799 



out, on the other hand, that some of these earthworms live on the sea-shore, and 

 their cocoons might therefore be carried across the sea from island to island on sea- 

 weed, &c. It does not appear, however, that this could apply to all the earthworms 

 found in these islands, and very weighty objections are raised by Benham against 

 the supposition that it applies even to those living on the sea-shore. Moreover, this 

 means of dispersal is not applicable to many of the other land-animals that have to 

 be mentioned. 



Of the terrestrial crustaceans found on the New Zealand subantarctic islands, 

 two species belong to a special section of the genus Trichoniscus, which Dr. Budde- 

 Lund (1906) has pointed out is subantarctic in distribution, and one of these appears 

 to be identical with the species found in Tierra del Fuego and on the Falkland 

 Islands, and is very closely related to, if not actually identical with, another one 

 found on the Crozets. Another terrestrial Isopod [Oniscus punctatus) is found also 

 in Tasmania and Victoria, while the fourth {Cubans rugulosus) belongs to a genus 

 that appears to be Polynesian in distribution. The Isopods already mentioned are 

 true terrestrial forms, and, as the young are hatched out in a pouch below the body 

 of the female, it does not appear likely that they could readily be carried across 

 wide stretches of sea. The same thing is true of Deto aucklandiae, which, however, is 

 found on or near the sea-shore. This genus is distinctly subantarctic, being known 

 only from Auckland Islands, New Zealand and Chatham Islands, South America 

 (Chili), Cape of Good Hope, St. Paul (in the Indian Ocean), and Australia, and the 

 species found on the mainland of New Zealand is very closely allied to the Chilian 

 one, if not identical with it. Another terrestrial Isopod {Scyphoniscus magnus) — 

 found, like the last, on the sea-shore — belongs to a genus which contains only one 

 other species, a closely allied one found in New Zealand. Two fresh-water Am- 

 phipods are known from the islands, one {Chiltonia mihiwaha) being found in New 

 Zealand as well as on the Auckland and Campbell Islands, and belonging to a genus 

 which is represented by several species in Tasmania and Victoria and is very nearly 

 related to the genus Hyalella from South America. The second fresh-water Am- 

 phipod belongs to the genus Atyloides, of which two fresh-water species are known 

 from Victoria ; the genus as at present defined includes some marine species also. 

 The fresh-water Isopod {Idotea lacustris) is known from New Zealand and Campbell 

 Island, and is identical with a species from the Straits of Magellan. 



Of the land and terrestrial Mollusca no species is found outside the New Zea- 

 land region. The family Phenacohelicidae is represented in the islands by six genera, 

 of which four are not known beyond the New Zealand region, one being confined 

 to the Auckland Islands. Of the others, Allodiscus is known from New Zealand, 

 Tasmania, and Australia ; and Flammulina from New Zealand, Tasmania, Lord 

 Howe Island, Norfolk Island, and Ponape (Caroline Islands). These land-shells are 

 related to the South American genera Amphidoxa and Stephanoda, and two species 

 of Amphidoxa found in Juan Fernandez are nearly allied to a New Zealand species 

 of Flammulina. The land-shell from Kerguelen Island {Helix hookeri, Reeve) is 

 placed under Stephanoda by Pilsbry, and the New Zealand Phenacohelicidae are 

 allied also to Phasis and Trachycystis from South Africa. The Endodontidae are 

 represented in the islands by the genus Endodonta, which is widely distributed in 

 Polynesia, Carolines, Philippines, New Caledonia, Australia, South Africa, and St. 

 Helena, and by some authorities is considered an antarctic genus. 



