800 SUBANTARCTIC ISLANDS OP NEW ZEALAND. [Summary of Results. 



Of the beetles, forty-six species, contained in twenty-six genera, are now known 

 from the islands. Seven of these genera appear to be cosmopolitan, and the majority 

 of the others are more or less confined to New Zealand. Loxomerus, however, is a 

 purely antarctic form, and points to connection with South America, being the only 

 genus that points directly in this direction, though Pseudhelops and Oofterus appear 

 to be also southern forms. 



Of the other insects, the distribution does not appear to be sufficiently known 

 to render us much assistance in the present discussion. The genera of the Diptera 

 are, according to Mr. Lamb, very cosmopolitan in their distribution ; the new genus 

 Zaluscodes, formed for a wingless Limnobiid from the Auckland Islands, seems, 

 however, to come very close to Zalusa from Kerguelen. In the Collembola, Professor 

 Carpenter has pointed out that Triacanthella alba, from Campbell Island, belongs 

 to a genus which contains other species from Tierra del Fuego, and is characteristic- 

 ally subantarctic, and suggests a former wide extension of the Antarctic Continent. 



I have said nothing of the seals, nor of the penguins and other birds found on 

 the islands, because, although they are widely distributed in other subantarctic lands, 

 and mainly confined to southern regions, they can readily make their way across 

 wide stretches of ocean. 



The marine forms of life found at these islands are, of course, not so important 

 in questions of geographical distribution as terrestrial and fresh-water species, but 

 many of them are littoral or shallow-water forms, which could not easily pass over 

 any wide stretch of deep ocean, and it is important, therefore, to consider briefly 

 their distribution. 



Among the crustaceans there are fifty marine species recorded from the shores 

 of the subantarctic islands of New Zealand, and of these about thirty extend either to 

 South America or some of the islands lying near to that continent, some of them 

 reaching as far as Kerguelen, or they are found on the shores of the Antarctic Con- 

 tinent itself. Among these crustaceans there are several which appear to be exclusively 

 confined to the coast, such as Halicarcinus flanatus, the species of Hyale, Paramoera, 

 Sphaeroma, lais, &c. Halicarcinus flanatus has a free-swimming zoaea which might 

 be carried considerable distances by ocean-currents ; but the Isopods and Amphipods 

 all hatch out their young in an incubatory pouch under their own bodies, and it does 

 not seem likely that these could readily be distributed from one place to far-distant 

 localities without a more or less continuous sea-shore stretching between them. 



Of the marine Mollusca, Mr. Suter mentions nine species which are more or less 

 circumaustral in their distribution, and to these there is to be added a tenth from 

 Macquarie Island, which, however, has not yet been found ati,|the other, islands to 

 the north-east ; in addition to this, several of the genera represented appear to be 

 circumaustral — e.g., Plaxiphora, Nacella, Photinula, Laevilitorina, Euthria, Cominella, 

 and Modiolarca. 



Of the Holothurians only three species were obtained, two of which occur also 

 in the South American fauna, the third one ]being.iconfined|tojthe 'Auckland Islands, 

 but nearly related to a New Zealand species. 



Of the four Stellerids';|known from' the' jislands two are widely distributed in other 

 subantarctic seas. 



Of the Polychaeta, out of thirteen species, only two are endemic to New Zealand, 

 eight are found in South America or the Falkland Islands, and two extend to 



