2 "DF. Weinland on Animal Psychology. 
which is rather obscure, even in the highest animals, as it is al 
in the human child, is proportionate to the. consciousness of an — 
outer world; it isa result of the latter, for itis only in on “— 
tion to an outer world, that the animal conceives itself and be- 
comes conscious of itself. The degree of psychical development in 7 
different kinds of animals may be judged from the degree of de- ” 
velopment of the consciousness of an outer world. The soul of © 
an animal is the higher, the more relations it has tothe outer © 
world, that is, the larger the horizon of its outer world. The 
latter point I will explain with some illustrations taken from | 
the lower animals, in which the psychical life is more simple, and — 
therefore easier to understand. — 
What is the outer world of a coral-polyp? With hundreds | 
of its kind it lives on the same coral-stock ; it is there fixed and | 
is able to move its mouth and tentacles only; thus it awaits its — 
prey, a little craw-fish, without eves, and without touching it—by F 
unknown to us—it perceives the presence of its prey, 7 
throws out its lasso-cells and catches it. Every individual has _ 
oth the sexes united. Though closely crowded together, I 
never could notice a trace of psychical relation between the | 
- polyps of the same stock. What is the outer world of sucha — 
polyp? The whole range of its psychical life is evidently con- 
fined to the objects of food. r : 
us now rise one step higher, to a Helminth, an Ascaris, 
that inhabits the intestine of some vertebrate. In regard to 
feeding it stands evidently on the same, perhaps on a lower level _ 
than the polyp, but still we must rank it psychically higher 
he sexes are divided, and in the line of reproduction the male 
and the female individuals meet each other. There is therefore 
besides a consciousness of an outer world in regard to fuod, evi- 
*, 
nough. 5 as 
We may take a bee, a wasp, or any of the social Eomepop 
as a third step. In the bee the consciousness of the existen 
and the interest in other living individuals is not n€ 
than for an Ascaris, and still more than for a polyp. 
In order to judge how extensive the outer world i: 
animal is conscious, that is, in order to judge about its psy 
won, we must investigate the organs of that consciousness, 
psychical organs of animals, 
The psychical organs of animals are of three ki 
CEPTIVE organs, organs which receive impressions from 1 
