D. F. Weinland on Animal Psychology. 3 
Cubed ; here-belongs the whole skin-system ineluding the senses. (2.) 
REFLECTIVE organs, that 1s, organs which combine the impressions 
received by the receptive organs; here belongs the central nervous sys- 
tem. (8.) REACTIVE organs, that is, organs which react upon the 
outer world; they are the servants of the central nervous system, 
which go from within outward, while the receptive organs go from 
- without inward. These reactive organs consist in the whole system 
_ of voluntary muscles, with the bones which belong to them. 
The student of animal psychology has mainly to depend upon 
the third kind of organs, namely, the reartive, not only because the 
functions of the r-ceptive and reflective organs are more or less hidden, 
but also because their functions are in fact the mirror of the whole 
psychical life of the animal, being also the resultants of the functions 
of the receptive and reflective organs. ' 
The functions of the reactive organs are the voluntary motions. 
When observing these motions in an animal more closely, we soon 
perceive two kinds of motions, which are in their ends entirely dif- 
erent. 
Let us look at a dog. We see in the first place, that it makes 
nany motions, which have no other purpose than to satisfy the 
Ego of the dog itself. Such are the motions by which it eats, 
drinks, etc. ‘hese motions we call subjective, as having refer- 
ence exclusively to the Ego, to the subject of the dog itself. 
But besides these, we see other motions in og, 
have no immediate refe 
in man. They are, generally speaking, the same throughout the 
animal kingdom. But the greatest diversity exists in regard to 
e sympathetic motions with different animals, and it will be 
evident from the following illustration, that the degree of their 
development is the principal standard for the student of anim 
pe ate The more the organs for sympathetic motions are 
eveloped, the more extensive is the outer world of which the 
animal is conscious, and the larger is its psychical horizon. Let 
us compare a fish, a lizard, a monkey and finally man in regard 
to the organs for sympathetic motions. e lying horizon- 
tally in the water, its head, neck, trunk and tail forming one 
sontinuous massy body ; its eyes cold and stiff, turned sidewards, 
nearly immovable; no voice; hardly traces of an ear,—what 
gans has this animal to show to its fellow-creatures the pro- 
cesses of its soul? How different a spectacle offers a lizard t 
the thinking observer! Its body raised upon four legs; a dis- 
