Livingstone's Expedition. — The Rovuma River. 89 



jst of Kilimanjaro a great conical mountain, named Meru, rises from 

 e great plain of the Massai to perhaps 18,000 feet. 

 As seen from the east, the snow forms only a thick cap to the Kili- 

 anjaio, with a broad tongue creeping down the south slope ; and when 

 e sun is high, several long streaks of snow are seen lying in small ra- 

 aes descending from the cap. As seen from Madjarai, the snow partially 

 a quarter the height of the 

 " rock show out above the 

 The snow here i " " 



3 slip down to the foot of the 



„, jami, we saw three such slips 



of snow in about an hour's time. On the eastern peak a few patches of 

 snow are seen when the sun is high. 



All parts of the mountain we saw are composed of lava of subariel 

 origin. From not reaching the top, and having seen only the south- 

 east, south, and southwest parts of the mountain, I cannot speak with 

 certainty of its structure; but I think that the Kilimanjaro is the north- 

 eastern part of an old subariel volcano, the southwestern and larger part 

 Having sunk down several thousand feet, and been partially broken up by 

 faults. The great fault separating these two parts lies about northwest 

 and soiUheast, and forms a very steep, long flat southwest face to the 

 fountain ; and a high, very rugged mountain mass, lying a few miles to 

 the north of Madjami, may be the relics of the top of the original 

 fountain. 



We have not reached the axis of structure of Eastern Africa ; but very 

 lar to the southwest from Kilema are seen, on a clear day, three very high 

 mugged mountains (as high as the Meru mountain), with conical tops, 

 ^i»ch, if not volcanic— and I think their sides are too steep and shapes 

 too irregular for ordinary volcanoes— may be composed of the axial 

 granite. ^ 



The Lake Yipe is shallow, and rapidly filling up. You will see its size 



wd position best when I send you our map. On its north side it receives 



tfie River Loorai (of Rebmann), and at its west end sends out a river which, 



"'ng the Jagga river, flows south through the plain lying between 



- 'a and Anuisha ranges to the river of Pangani. Between the 



"0 and Anuisha ranges is a small watershed, which sends tho 



Western Madjami toihe west. 



• binann's map and description, as given in the first volume of the 



|iy Intelligencer,' give a very fair idea of the country, and, con- 



- lie had no instruments, his map is very accurate." 



'ivingstone's expedition-.— the eovuma eiter. 

 - ''^ followincr letter has been published from Dr. Living- 

 'ted April 9, 1861. It appears in the Proceedings of the 

 ^ Geographical Society, vol. vi, No. 1. 

 '•' the 9th of April last Dr. Livingstone's expedition arrived at 

 r^^^J Bay in the island of Johanna, from the river Rovuma. They 

 r^ ascended the river only 30 miles, when, halting to wood their ship, 

 *°»a^kinade on a tree showed that the water was falling at the rate of 

 ^* ^^^ Sci.-Secokd Serieb, Vol. XXXIV, No. 100.-Jult, 1863. 



