J. Lubbock on the Ancient Lake Habitations of Switzerland. 181 



Eare, indeed, as they may have been, Oxen, Horses, Sheep 

 and Goats could not be successfally kept through the winter in 

 the dimate of Switzerland, without stores of provision and some 

 sort of shelter. A pastoral people, therefore, must have reached 

 a higher grade than a mere nation of hunters. We know, more- 

 over, in another manner, that at this period agriculture was not 

 entirely unknown. This is proved in the most unexpected rnau- 

 ner, bv the discoverv of carbonized Cereals at various points. 

 Wheat is most common, having been found at Meilen, Moossee- 

 dorf, andWangen. At the latter place, indeed, many bushels 

 were found, the grains being united in large thick lumps. At 

 other times the grains are free, and without chaff, resembling our 

 present wheat in size and form, while more rarely they are still 

 in the ear. Ears of the Hordeum hexastichon L. (Je six rowed 

 Barley) are somewhat numerous. This species differs from the 

 H. vulgareL. in the number of rows and in the smaller size of 

 the grains. According to De Candolle, it was the species gene- 

 rally cultivated by the ancient Eomans, Greeks, and Egyptians. 

 In the ears from Wangen, each row has generally ten or eleven 

 grains which however are smaller and shorter than those now 

 grown. 



Still more unexpected was the discovery of bread or rather 

 cakes, for leaven does not appear to have been used. They were 

 flat and round, from an inch to 15 lines in thickness, and to 

 judge from one specimen, had a diameter of four or hve inches. 

 In other cases the grains seem to have been roasted, coarsely 

 ground between stones, and then either storea up m large ear h- 

 enware pots, or eaten after being slightly moistened. A similar 

 n^ode of preparing grain was used in the Canary Islands a the 

 tnne the/we're co'^nq'uered by Spain, and even -- co-t^tutes 

 the principal food of the poorer classes. In ^'^^^ ^^^""^J J;^^ 

 ground was prepared for the cultivation of corn ^^^^^JJ^^^^ 

 as no agricultural implements have as yet been ^^""f J'^^^^P^ 

 ^>ckles Tit is^probable Lwever that bent stakes supplied the place 



' Car'bonlzfd Apples and Peai^ ^^^^^^'^^'^'''''''''itZtofonr 

 ^^metimes whole^ sometimes cut in two, or more rarely into four 



son have vet been met with, but stones of the Wild Flum and 

 t^e Prunus nadus h'^e b^^n ^*^^"^- ^''^" ""^^^^ Baspberry and 

 Blaekber^'and s^dlsof thfH^^^^ and beechnuts occur 



plentifully in the mud. 



