184 /. Lubbock on the Ancient Lake Habitations of Switzerland. 



bronze implies the existence of commerce. It is difficult to say 

 from whence the copper was obtained, but Saxony and Cora- 

 wall are the only parts of Europe which produce tin. It is how- 

 ever, possible that Asia may have supplied both the one and the 

 other. The presence of amber shows that there must have been 

 a certain amount of communication with Northern Europe. 



The Pileworks of Switzerland appear to have become grad- 

 ually less numerous. During the Stone age they were spread 

 over the whole country. Confined during the Bronze era to the 

 Lakes of Western Switzerland, during that of Iron, we find 

 them only on the Lakes of Bienne and Neufchatel. In these 

 settlements not only has a new substance made its appearance 

 but the forms of the implements are different. We have indeed 

 copies of the bronze axes made in iron, just as we found before 

 that the early bronze celts were copies of the still earlier stone 

 axe, but these are exceptional cases. The swords have larger 

 handles and are more richly ornamented ; the knives have straight 

 edges ; the sickles are larger ; the pottery is more skillfully made 

 and is ornamented with various colors; the personal ornaments 

 are also more varied, and glass for the first time makes its ap- 

 pearance. 



Col. Schwab has found at the Steinberg more than twenty cres- 

 cents, made of earthenware, and with the convex side flattened, 

 to serve as a foot. They are compressed at the sides, sometimes 

 plain, sometimes ornamented, from eight to twelve inches from 

 one horn to the other, and from six to eight inches in height 

 They are considered by Dr. Keller to be religious emblems, and 

 are taken as evidence of moon- worship. He refers to Phny, xvi. 

 95 ; " Est autum id (viscum) rarum admodum inventu et reper- 

 tum magna religione petitur etante omnia sexta luna, qu« pnn- 

 cipia mensum annorumque his facit, et sseculi post tricesiraum 

 annum quia jam virium abunde habeat nee sit sui dimidia ; omnia 

 sanantem appelantes suo vocabub." This passage he translates as 

 follows : " The misletoe is however very rare, but when it is 

 found it is gathered with great religious ceremony, especially on 

 the sixth day of the moon, at which epoch begin their months, 

 years, and divisions of thirty years, because it has then sufficient 

 force, and yet is not in the middle of its course ; calling itHeal^ 

 all in their language." This name has generally been referred 

 to the misletoe. (See The Celt, Roman and Saxon, p. 48.) ^i^ 

 the Swiss archaeologists consider that this is a mistake, and that 

 it properly refers to the moon. 



A field of battle at Tiefenau, near Berne, is remarkable for 

 the great number of iron weapons and implements which baj® 

 been found on it Pieces of chariots, about a hundred swords. 

 pieces of coat of mail, lance heads, rings, fibulse, ornaments, 

 utensils, pieces of pottery and of glass, accompanied by ^°^^ 



