On the Structure of the Brain in Man and Monkeys. 189 



brain smooth or nearly so and the corpus callosum wanting or 

 rudimentary, in which characters they approach the Ovipara and 

 especially tbe birds. Some orders are thus removed from their 

 former higher position. The Quadrumana, Carnivora, Solidun- 

 giila, Rurainantia, Pachydermata, and Cetacea, form the second 

 ot his upper. sub-classes or the Gyrencephala. In them the brain, 

 fxcepting in the small clawed monkeys [Lemurs and Ouistits?], 

 is strongly grooved and has a well developed corpus callosum, 

 and by their higher faculties they are connected with man as his 

 servants and companions. In ra'an the cerebrum at a still higher 

 stage of development spreads itself to a greater degree over the 

 ethmoid lobe, [Riechlappen] and the cerebellum and even devel- 

 ops into the so-called third lobe of the cerebrum. This third 

 or posterior lobe together with the posterior horn of the lateral 

 ventricle and the pes hippocampi minor he regards as peculiar 

 Jo man, who therefore constitutes not as hitherto merely an order, 

 but a sub-class, the Archencephala. Owen remarks further that 

 he cannot regard man and monkeys so distinct as does the au- 

 thor of Records of Creation, but as Linne and Cuvier have done, 

 inust consider them fit subjects for zoologic comparison and 

 classification, especially as he is unable to distinguish in the men- 

 tal phenomena of a chimpanzee and a bushman or half formed 

 aztec other than differences of degree. 



Owen's views appear to me somewhat altered in his communi- 

 cation at the last meeting of the British Association at Oxford, as 

 reported in the Athenaeum. He there said that the brain of the 

 gorilla differed more from that of man than did that of the low- 

 est and most problematic quadrumane, since there were parts 

 ^ the human brain wholly wanting in the gordla. 



At the same meeting Huxley, in opposition to the views of 

 J^'^en, denied that there is any such vast difference of s 

 between the brain of man and monkeys and referred ' 

 sections and figures of Tiederaann in support of his s 

 iie thought the difference between man and the highest apes in 

 regard to the brain structure not to be so great as tiiat between 

 S' highest and lowest apes. More recently in the "Natural 

 history Review" for January, 1861, he has developed the same 

 ^^^g^ment quite at length. Huxley maintains against Owen : 1 

 _;hat the posterior lobe is not peculiar to man and is found in all 

 'I'iadrumanes ; 2. That the posterior horn of the lateral ventricles 

 ff'Sts also in the higher quadrumanes; and 3. that such is also 

 ;_^f ^ase with the pes hippocampi minor. Further that the two 

 f ter on the general testimony of human anatomists are variable 

 ^^^ mconstaSt in man so as really to be of little value as dis- 

 ^^ctive characteristics; and hence Huxley concludes that it 

 ^^av fairly be questioned whether the separation of man as a sub- 

 "-'^s from the other mammals is founded in fact. He admits, 



