190 On the Structure of the Brain in Man and Monkeys. 



howeyer, that there still remain the following distinctiona be- 

 tween the brains of men and monkeys: 1. In anthropoid apes 

 the brain is smaller in proportion to the nerves having origin in 

 it; 2. The cerebrum is smaller in proportion to the cerebellum. 

 and 3. the gyrations of the hemispheres are shallower and more 

 symmetric; while 4, in man the proportions of the various lobes 

 to each other differ from those of corresponding lobes in the 



The first of these has been known since Soemmering, the three 

 others were established by the works of S. v. d. Kolk, Vrolik and 

 Gratiolet. Soemmering and Tiedemann are at variance as to the 

 relative size of the nerves and the brain in the higher and lower 

 races of men, but the latter considers the cerebellum to bear a 

 larger proportion to the whole brain in the lower races. From 

 the published dissection of the Hottentot Venus and the works 

 of Gratiolet and Tiedemann, Huxley thinks the anterior devel- 

 opment of the brain to be less in the lower races of men than ia 

 common with Europeans, and therefore that the differences be- 

 tween the European and bushman brains are of the same kind 

 and degree as those between the bushman and orang brains. 

 He wished that the surgeons at the Cape of Good Hope, India 

 and Australia, would throw more light upon this interesting 

 question by comparative dissections of the lowest races there, 

 and concludes that as the brains of Ze7nMr mungos, Stenops tardt- 

 gradiis and Perodidicus, differ so greatly from tliose of other 

 monkeys, it is clear that the Quadrumana differ more among 

 themselves in brain structure than some of them do from man, 

 and that the separation of Homo and Pithecus in distinct sub- 

 classes while Pithecus and Cvnocephalus are in one order is in- 

 compatible at least with the affinities of their brain structure. 

 ^ M. Gratiolet's classic work, "Memoire sur les plis cerebrau.t de 

 I'homme et des primates" has so completely described the brains 

 of the Quadrumana that their brain structure, at least as regards 

 the external gyrations and lobes, is known better than that oj 

 any other group of animals. This work fairly surpasses all that 

 has ever been done in this direction hitherto. M. Gratiolet \^^ 

 more recently (Comptes Rendus, I860) investigated the bram 

 structure of the gorilla, and has also given (Mdmoires de la ^^'' 

 ci^te d'Anthropologie de Paris, 1860, tome 1, p. 64,) a compara- 

 tive view of the brain development in man and monkeys, -ti^ 

 says: "While this colossal ape, the gorilla, approaches man more 

 nearly than any other ape in the strongly developed thumb ana 

 m the bones of the wrist, it rather approaches the Cvnocepha' 

 in its brain and skull." More recently he has announced that 

 by a study of the brain of the human microcephalus [idiot D} 

 arrest of development] and the development of the quadrum^ne 

 brain, he is convinced that palpable anatomical differences aie 



