On the Structure of the Brain in Man and Monkeys. 195 



orang tbese lie lid-like [operculum] upon the gyrations that Gra- 

 tiolet has called connection folds [plis de passage]. I may note 

 here what Gratiolet has not mentioned, that the gyri breves of 

 the insula Reilii are present in the orangs, and that, as 1 have 

 elsewhere shown — " Vorstudien zu einer wissenschaftlichen Mor- 

 phologic des Mensch lichen Gehirns,"— the gyrations of the pos- 

 terior lobes cannot be absolutely compared with those of man. 



I however agree with Gratiolet, that there is no absolute identi- 

 fication of the human brain, not even of the microcephal, with the 

 quadrumane brain. In a cast of a microcephalous brain, I find 

 the occipital and parietal lobes quite small, the first indeed is 

 almost wanting, so as to leave the cerebellum exposed. The cere- 

 bellum is however strongly developed. In the orang the occipital 

 lobes are large and as is the case I believe in all brachycephalous 

 E^nd dolichocephalous races of men it completely overlaps the cer- 

 ebellum. There is no closer approximation between the brains 

 of men and monkeys than there is between their skulls. In the 

 haraan microcephalus and the anthropoid apes, the brain pan 

 (Schadelkapsel) is of a like size or even larger in the latter, the 

 jaws project similarly, the arched line of the origin of the tem- 

 poral muscle is higher and forms, even in the microcephal, a 

 -^oit of crest or ridge, the proportions of the supra and inter max- 

 -'ines, the form of the nasals the canines (Eckziihne) and the chin 

 ='•'-' alike; but the whole shape, arrangement and connection of 

 ^j-e facial bones of the microcephalus are yet so clearly human, 

 that typical comparison separates them from the most anthropoid 

 apes and that on fundamental grounds. From all we know 

 oi the normal and abnormal human and ape structure, the two 

 are separated as widely as birds and mammals, as monotremea 

 iSchnabelthier) and ostriches or ducks since these show a super- 

 ficial relation in bill, cloaca, and clavis. All I know of zoology 

 and physiology is opposed to any such transmutation as Darwin 

 juggests. Men and apes without any consideration of their men- 

 ^1 phenomena are primitively and absolutely different in mate- 

 ^al structure 



[In a later number of the same Journal, Dr. Wagner makes 

 some further observations upon the microcephalous bram, and 

 ^•^ms up in the following interesting conclusions.] 



I- In adult and strong microcephals the brain is less m weight 

 and size than in a new-born child. This reduction of the bram 

 •^^ is not however uniform in all its parts. 

 .2- For while the cerebrum is less than that of a new-born child, 

 ^•^e cerebellum is larger. The proportion of the cerebellum cor- 

 pora quad rigemin a, medulla and pons varolii, to the cerebrum 

 ^'i well formed adults is as 1 to 7 or 8 in man, as 1 to o in orangs, 

 ^1 to 3 or 4 in adult microcephals. ^ ^ , 



.3. Further, while the four lobes of the cerebrum are stunted 

 ^^^etemporo-sphenoid lobe is least affected, the frontal next, and 



