On the Structure of the Brain in Man and Monkeys. 



method of development, 

 force: granting bovvevei 



did not follow this variatioa as a normal result, the ] 

 tion in itself could not have such weight. Hence we think Hux- 

 ley's objections are rather against the separation of man as 

 Archencephala, than against tlie separation itself; and as such 

 more specious than real, for it would be of equal force in logic 

 to object against it that the ruminant or cetacean brain differs 

 more from the quadrumane than that of man does from the 



But the brain, however important in function, is really an ob- 

 scure mternal organ, and since there is so complete a relation 

 between the external form and the mind even, some external 

 feature would better have been chosen as charaeteristic of the 

 sub-class. It has long been observed that man is more justlr 

 characterized by his great toe than bv his thumb, by his foo't 

 than by his hand, since the former imply the erect attitude. 

 When we see how the gradual elevation of the brain end of the 

 body runs parallel with an elevation of zoologic grade as shown 

 by 0. G. Carus and others, we see one mark of high rank in this 

 striking external trait. When we further consider that the loco- 

 motive tunction IS performed by the spine and mesial fins m 

 lower vertebrate forms is gradually shared by members uot 

 on the mesial line, and becomes more and more exclusively the 

 work of these members, while the spine is successively short- 

 enecl, until in man we have only the posterior pair of members 

 applied to locomotion, we find another character of elevation m 

 this posture. Carus has remarked that in using only one pair 

 of members for locomotion, and leaving the othe?pairfree to sen- 

 sation and esthetic uses, man stands alone among animals. More 

 recently Prof Dana has mentioned the same idea to the writer, 

 and has further emphasized it by observing that this application 

 of members to the uses of the head in man is analogous to that 

 cephahzation which he has long ago shown to be a principal of 

 elevation in the Crustacea. f r , 



To sum up then in regard to the order Bimana : the thumb 

 and hands of the gorilla are far more powerful than those of 

 man. But they are really organs of locomotion in these arbo- 

 real animals. Man alone has a foot with toe and heel that 

 plants Itself firmly, he alone stands erect among beasts, he alone 

 having four well developed members uses only two for progres- 

 sion With him the hand is an organ of sensation and belongs 

 to the head, the central organ of the senses. This and all other 

 ™ed features point to the human head as dominant over the 

 Whole body and to the subjection of all other functions to its func- 

 tions of sensation, perception and thought. 



ihese striking features are peculiar to man among the verte- 

 brates, and thus on merely zoologic grounds he is clearly sepa- 



