posits (e) are: Stratification, abundance of rounded and nn- 

 scratched l-.ovddi.Ts; tla-v generally consist of beds of gravel and 

 sand. without lav. 'i 1.. - phenomena are found not only in 

 Europe wherever there are traces of the ice age, but are observa- 

 ble in the United States and in the region to tin- north of them. 

 Each -lacier has had its own limited area, ami the same appears 

 to have been the case with all the ureal drift deposits in North 

 America. The greatest ice-field of Europe was that which origi- 

 nated in the highlands of Scandinavia, and thence extended over 

 those portions of Northern Europe which are known to be covered 



By investigations extending through a long period of years, I 

 have found that the above-mentioned glacial beds or deposits 

 exist in all the countries above indicated. The Scandinavian gla- 

 cier crossed the Baltic and German Ocean, ami extended its mo- 

 raines into the suburbs of London on the west, to the slopes of 

 the liiesengeoirge in the southeast, to the Tjernaye Bay, the icy, 

 on the northeast. The presence of precisely similar phenomena in 

 North America has established in t\w minds of a majority of 

 geologists th,, conviction that a vast area over which such phe- 

 nomena arc found has also been covered with ice. But if we care- 

 fully examine this region it will readily appear that the glacial 



;;.■■.'..... .;'■....- ..-..-•,, ,-, 



base of the i. , thus fore- 



have had different sources. 



It has been the opinion of man' 

 gists that the source of the eastern ice-fields is to be sought in 



the ("ana. ban highlands. Against this ..pinion several important 

 reason* may be urged. First, in the portions of Canada in u hich 

 the glaciers in question are supposed to have originated, we 

 have reason to believe that the rocks are rounded ami scratched, 

 phenomena everywhere recognized as glacial; but I think in no 

 case characterizing rocks known to have been covered with per- 

 petual snow. Again, the elevation ami extent of the highest por- 

 tions ot Canada are hardh sufficient to account for the re.piisite 

 u of snow ami ice. And finally, so far as I have 

 learned, there is not formed upon the rocks of the northern slope 

 of Canada, nor vet in bowlders moved by glacial force, any satis- 

 factorv evidence that there had been a northward as well as 

 movement of glaciers from the highlands of Canada. 

 It. therefore. >m- northern ami casern Cnited 



States, usually supposed to be glacial, are indeed such, and if 

 there is not sufficient reason for : am highlands 



to have been the source of the glacier* which produced these phe- 

 nomena, th Isewhera 

 I think it will bee, have studied 

 ■ '■ both the character of 



