256 MR. E. HULL ON THE NEW RED SANDSTONE, ETC., 



heavy by cloud- evaporation, when they sink to, and spread 

 over, the surface. These two operations of local heating 

 and cooling of the gases, it is contended, produce those 

 movements which are called breezes, winds, and storms. 

 And if we started from the process of evaporation of water 

 from the ocean sending vapour into the atmosphere, and 

 then traced its ascent and diffusion through the gases, and 

 its condensation by their low temperature in the upper 

 regions liberating the heat of the vapour, all the great 

 disturbances that take place might be followed and ren- 

 dered comprehensible and clear. And if, afterwards, the 

 water which was produced by condensation of the vapour, 

 but which did not fall as rain, were followed through its 

 evaporation in the upper regions, cooling the local gases, 

 and making them sink and spread out over the surface, all 

 the disturbing processes might be exhibited in a natural 

 and simple order, and meteorology, instead of being de- 

 nounced as incomprehensible, might take its place with 

 geology, zoology, and other sciences that are regularly 

 taught in our schools. 



XVIII. — On the New Red Sandstone and Permian Forma- 

 tions, as Sources of Water-supply for Towns. By Ed- 

 ward Hull, B.A., F.G.S., of the Geological Survey 

 of Great Britain. 



Read December 30th, 1862, 



It was remarked by the late Dr. Buckland, that most of the 

 large manufacturing towns of the central and northern 

 counties are built upon the New Bed Sandstone. This cir- 

 cumstance, which to the casual observer might appear acci- 

 dental, seems, on closer inspection, to be attributable to the 

 natural advantages which such a situation affords. For a 

 manufacturing town, coal is necessary; therefore these towns 



