348 MR. E. W. BINNEY ON CARBONIFEROUS, PERMIAN, AND 



one into the other, are not often met with ; but I consider 

 the soft red sandstone of Longtown, West Linton, Rock- 

 liffe, and Dalston to be of Triassic age, and covered by the 

 waterstones and red marls of Carlisle, and these, in their 

 turn, to the west overlain by the lias of Quarry Gill and 

 Oughterby. 



In the valleys of the Esk and Liddel, and their tributary 

 streams, are some very interesting sections. Raeburn, 

 which falls into the Eiver Lyne, contains in its upper part 

 Permian beds in the form of some soft red sandstones ; but I 

 could not find the breccia in situ, although large blocks of 

 it occurred in the watercourse. The same remark applies 

 to the Archer Beck Burn ; but in the larger valleys of the 

 Esk and the Liddel, as well as in the smaller one of Car- 

 lingway Burn, I found beds of breccia in situ, and therefore 

 my observations will be confined chiefly to those places. 



A short description of the upper red marls and water- 

 stones found at Carlisle, with the underlying red sandstone, 

 which are of Triassic age, will be given. The latter rock 

 will be traced up the valley of the Caldew, by Holmhead 

 and Dalston, to a place below Holm Hill, where a bedded 

 and rippled sandstone makes its appearance. This sand- 

 stone cannot be distinguished from that of Shawk, of which 

 probably it is a continuation. Further up the valley, a 

 little above the junction of the Kaw Beck with the Caldew, 

 an upper coal-field is seen, with a Spirorbis limestone like 

 that of Canobie, which is succeeded on its rise by soft red 

 sandstones, probably of Permian age. 



Prof. Sedgwick, many years since, described the White- 

 haven sandstone as Lower New Bed Sandstone ; and, after 

 several visits to the district, I am inclined to endorse that 

 opinion, as I cannot find any difierence between this sand- 

 stone, especially the lower part of it, and my Lower Per- 

 mian of Astley, Bedford, and Moira, near Ashby-de-la- 

 Zouch. 



