364 MR. E. W. BINNEY ON CARBONIFEROUS, PERMIAN^ AND 



appears a sharp-grained sandstone, of a drab colour, mot- 

 tled with white spots, about 25 yards in thickness, which 

 dips to the W. at an angle of 45°. The strata, consisting of 

 fine-grained sandstones and red limestones, containing com- 

 mon mountain-limestone shells and corals, occupy the 

 valley to the end of the wood, increasing their dip to a 

 vertical position, when they disappear under a covering of 

 drift. It appeared to me that the strata had been affected 

 by a fault running from S.W. to N.E. 



In this section, only Upper Permian sandstone, red 

 shales and breccia, and lower carboniferous gritstones and 

 limestones make their appearance, the upper and middle 

 coal-measures not being seen at all. 



Mr. Gibsone, in his paper before quoted, considers these 

 highly inclined sandstones and limestones not to be of 

 Carboniferous age, and he designates them as his Permian 

 Magnesian Limestone series. No doubt it is frequently 

 difficult in Cumberland to distinguish a Permian lime- 

 stone from a carboniferous one, in the absence of fossil or- 

 ganic remains ; but in the case of these Carlinway Burn 

 beds no such difficulty exists ; for, in addition to common 

 carboniferous Crinoids, there is plenty of the Producta 

 giganteus and other well-recognized species of carboni- 

 ferous fossils. The Permian beds in this section appear 

 to be brought into juxtaposition with the millstone-grit 

 by a great fault, similar, but not the same> to that already 

 noticed in the Canobie and Penton sections ; but there is 

 no appearance of the upper coal-measures as seen in both 

 those sections, so far as my observations enabled me to 

 judge. 



The Eden and Caldew Sections. 



In the bed and along the banks of the River Eden, in 

 the vicinity of Carlisle, a deposit of several hundred feet 

 in thickness of red and variegated marls, parted by bands 



