TRIASSIC STRATA OF CUMBERLAND AND DUMFRIES. 365 



of water-stone and thin gritstone, is seen. These strata 

 have a general inclination to the west, but the beds are 

 frequently seen contorted. Under the Silloth Railway 

 bridge they dip to the W. at an angle of 13°. Between 

 this place, at the Lias at Oughterby and Quarry Gill, on 

 the north-west, and the false-bedded sandstone Trias of 

 Rocliliffe and West Linton to the north, and How Mill to 

 the east, little can be seen of the underlying strata ; and, up 

 to this time, no evidence has reached me of the Lias having 

 been met with to the east of the River Eden ; so it is 

 probable that the Triassic marls occupy the district until 

 the sandstone makes its appearance. 



Mr. Dunn, one of Her Majesty's Inspectors of Col- 

 lieries, states that Mr. Cockburn, of AUenwood Paper- 

 Mill, not far from How Mill, bored in the red sandstone to 

 the depth of 600 feet, and found the rock hard and tight 

 throughout, with very little water. There did not seem 

 to be any change in the strata, either as to colour or the 

 nature of the rock, from the commencement to the close 

 of their operations *. 



At and near Carlisle, the Triassic marls are well known 

 to be underlain by a soft red sandstone, like that pre- 

 viously described, and exposed in the valley of the Caldew 

 at Holmhead. Most of the deep wells in the city are 

 sunk through the marls to reach the water generally found 

 in the underlying sandstone. At the pumping-engine for 

 the canal by Edenside, immediately above the red and 

 variegated marls, there was a section in the pump- well 

 which distinctly showed the marls on the top gradually 

 passing down into the red sandstone below f. 



As we proceed up the Caldew from its junction with the 



* " On the Coal-fields of Cumberland," by Mr. M. Dunn, ' Transactions 

 of the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers,' vol. viii. p. 1 54. 



t For this and other information relative to the marls and red sandstone 

 of Carlisle, I am indebted to the kindness of Mr. Eichard B. Brockbank, 

 one of the partners of the firm of Messrs. Carr and Co. 



