366 MR. E. W. BINNEY ON CARBONIFEROUS, PERMIAN, AND 



River Eden, the red and variegated marls are soon per- 

 forated, and the Holmhead sandstone met with. This was 

 the case at the Gas-Works. At Messrs. Carr and Co.^s 

 works in Caldewgate, some years since, a bore-hole was 

 put down to the depth of i8o feet below the bottom of the 

 well, and all the distance was in soft red sandstone, with 

 the exception of a shaly clay, termed by the well-sinkers 

 quicksand. The same rock has been proved all the way 

 to Messrs. Fergusson^s mill at Holmhead, near which 

 place it is seen in the banks of the Caldew, dipping to 

 the W. at an angle of io°. 



In a bore-hole made by Messrs. Fergusson at Holm- 

 head some years since, the following section was met 



Wi^^=— feet. 



Clay (drift) 9 



Soft white sandstone 108 



Soft red sandstone, gone into, but not through 117 



234 



Further up the valley, in the bank above the rifle-butts, 

 the sandstone is seen dipping to the N.N.W. at an angle 

 of 12°. It is met with in the valley, a mile further up, 

 just before we reach the village of Dalston, dipping in the 

 same direction, and at about the same angle. Above 

 Dalston, at the weir across the Caldew, a similar sandstone 

 is found, with a dip to the N.N.W. at 12°. All the sand- 

 stones seen in the valley of the Caldew, up to this point, 

 are similar in appearance, and it is difficult to separate one 

 from another. 



Below the farm-house occupied by Mr. Carlisle, a little 

 further up the valley, a quarry of thin-bedded and ripple- 

 marked sandstone of a deep red colour, which has been 

 used for building-purposes, is seen. This stone dips to the 

 N.N.W. at an angle of 20°, and it reminded me more of the 

 Shawk sandstone than any which had hitherto come to 

 my notice. I could not see the red clays and beds of soft 



