I 



TRIASSIC STRATA OF CUMBERLAND AND DUMFRIES. 367 



red sandstone and breccias lying under it^ nor could I 

 trace its junction with the red sandstone seen at the weir 

 below ; but it appeared to me to be most probably of Per- 

 mian age. Further up the river^ opposite Holm Hill^ is 

 seen a thin-bedded sandstone of a bright red colour, dip- 

 ping to the S.W. at an angle of 12°. A little further up 

 the Caldew from this point_, that river is joined by a brook 

 known by the name of the Raw Beck ; and about 100 yards 

 above the confluence of these streams_, just below Gate- 

 scale, is a most interesting section of upper coal-measures, 

 in which occurs a bed of porcelain limestone, of mottled 

 grey and liver colours, containing Spirorbis carbonarius 

 and a Cypris ?, in all respects exactly similar to the lime- 

 stones of Ballochmoyle and Canobie, previously described 

 by me. 



In a distance of about 1000 yards above the lime- 

 stone was a series of upper coal-measures, consisting of 

 fire-clays containing Stigmaria ficoides, liver-coloured 

 shales and gritstones, and a thick bed of soft red sand- 

 stone, which dipped to the N.W. at an angle of 18°. 

 These strata are suddenly interrupted by the occurrence 

 of a thick bed of red and variegated sandstone, false-bedded, 

 of coarse grain, occasionally coloured by black oxide of man- 

 ganese, much jointed and incoherent. At the bridge over 

 the Caldew, leading to Raughton Head, it dips to the 

 N.N.W. at angles varying from 20° to 25°. It continues 

 up the valley all the way to Stockgill wraith Bridge, where 

 it has been quarried for building purposes. It is there of 

 a flaggy character, and dips gently to the west. It must 

 be of great thickness, and it will most probably be proved 

 to be of the age of the Permian soft red sandstones, but 

 I had not sufficient evidence to enable me to be certain on 

 that point. 



The beds of the upper coal-measures, as seen in the Raw 

 Beck, occurred in the following (descending) order : viz., 



