386 MR. E. W. BINNEY ON CARnONIl-EROUS^ PERMIAN^ AND 



The passage of the Moat (St. Bees) sandstone into the 

 overlying soft sandstone (Trias) at Longtown is not well 

 seen in any section which has come under my notice. 

 This unfortunately is also the case with regard to the Dal- 

 ston sandstone passing into the Holm Hill or Shawk sand- 

 stone. At Holm Hill as yet no traces of the red shaly 

 clays on the underlying breccias and soft sandstone have 

 been found,, although the upper coal-measures of Raw 

 Beck are well exposed to the extent of about 900 feet, and 

 would seem to indicate the occurrence of a profitable coal- 

 field in that neighbourhood, if it can be reached by sink- 

 ings of a moderate depth. Although we find the Spi- 

 rorbis limestone present, we find none of the 200 yards of 

 upper coal-measures seen at Canobie lying above it. 



It has been shown that although the upper coal-measures 

 of Lancashire and the Midland Counties of England con- 

 tained several workable seams of coal, the same strata in 

 Cumberland and Scotland contained none, notwithstand- 

 ing that the strata were fully as largely or even more 

 completely developed in the latter than the former. On 

 the other hand, the mountain-limestone series in the latter 

 districts contained numerous seams of coal, whilst none 

 were to be found in the former. 



The Canobie section affords us a singular example of 

 the beds of breccia or conglomerate (No. 3 in the Table op- 

 posite) mingling with and dividing the lower soft red sand- 

 stone (No. 4) into several distinct beds, as well as giving 

 us an instance of a bed of magnesian limestone being 

 found in the midst of it. Some years since, I noticed 

 the occurrence of two beds of conglomerate at Kirkby 

 Stephen, and the intercalation of beds of breccia in the 

 lower soft red sandstone of Ballochmoyle, the upper Roth- 

 liegende of the German geologists ; but I never supposed 

 that a bed of breccia sometimes formed its base, and three 

 other distinct beds divided it. This example furnishes us 



