1918. | BASHAMBAR Das: The Apindidae of Lahore. 141 
Pupae.—After one or more broods of apterous females the young that are born 
soon develop stumpy elevations on either side of the two hind thoracic segments, 
known as ‘‘ wing-pads,” such individuals are somewhat incorrectly referred to as 
‘‘pupae.’’ Their backs in many cases are ornamented with spots of white pulveru- 
lence. 
Alate viviparous females.—At the final moult the pupae change into winged insects, 
which for all practical purposes are considered equal to the imagines of other insects. 
Theysare not equivalent to them, however, because they also reproduce asexually, 
and are termed ‘‘ winged’’ or ‘‘alate viviparous females.’’ They fly off or migrate 
to other plants of the same species, thus assisting in the dispersal of the colonies, or 
to a different or ‘‘ alternate host’’ which may form a necessary part of the life-cycle. 
Lichtenstein employed the word ‘‘ Pseudogyna ’’ for all apterous or alate viviparous 
females. : = | 
In Lahore plant-lice that hatch early in March multiply very actively till about 
June and then disappear. Their disappearance is partly due to enemies and the 
heat, and partly to the diminished flow of sap in the plants during the hot summer. 
Some go to other hosts, others migtate to cool moist places, still others probably 
lay eggs before the setting of summer. After the rains in September they are again 
found on their hosts; those that come back from different plants are called ‘‘ return 
migrants.” 
Sexuales.—From September onwards, during October and November, there is 
again a period of very active increase in their numbers. Late in November or early 
in December the true sexes develop. The offspring of the last generation of vivi- 
parous females either become males or egg-bearing females, and are referred to as 
sextmles.. 
Males.—The males may be winged or wingless; a third stumpy kind was also 
discovered in one species. One, two, or all the three kinds may be found in the same 
species. They are readily recognised by their anal end having a well-developed ‘‘geni- 
tal armature,’’ consisting of a curved central penis and two triangular lateral pieces 
(see below under Shivaphıs). Their bodies are more slender, darker than ordinary 
agamic individuals; sometimes they are dark pinkish in colour; all the antennal 
joints are characteristically full of secondary sensoria, their number being much in 
excess of those on the antennae of alate viviparous females. 
Females.—The oviparous females are somewhat fusiform, and contain eggs instead 
of embryos. They are very often pinkish, yellowish, or otherwise differently coloured 
to the apterous females, which in other respects they resemble. The chief distin- 
guishing character is the smaller size of their hind legs, which are also swollen and 
covered over by numerous small irregular sensoria. Unlike the males no additional 
sensoria are developed on the antennae. The hind legs are known to be employed 
for oviposition in suitable situations. 
In a few forms sexuales are said to possess no functional mouth parts, that is the 
beaks are atrophied. 
After pairing the eggs are deposited to start the life-cycle again. Most of the 
