1918.] BASHAMBAR DAS : The Aphididae of Lahore. 231 
a 
(1) The commonest and the most abundant type is the ‘‘ apterous male.’’ 
It is rather long oval, much narrower than the apterous viviparous 
female. Black and orange pigment are well developed on the body. 
The rows of dots in the lateral grooves on the dorsum are very prominent. 
The other characters are as detailed above. The mesothorax is small 
and normal and the rostrum long and reaching beyond the third pair 
of coxae. 
(2) The second form is the ‘‘alate male.’’ It is exactly like the apterous 
male in the possession of pigment, antennae and genitalia, but the meso- 
thorax and metathorax resemble those of the alate viviparous female. 
It has wings which arein no way different either in size or form from 
those of the latter. The anterior wing of one is shown in the figure 
drawn to the same scale as the female wing. The body being slender 
they only appear large, otherwise there is no justification for calling them 
“voluminous ’’ as seems to have been done in the case of other winged 
Aphid males. 
(3) The third kind seems only a modification of the second. Here, as shown 
in the figure, the individual possesses well developed thoracic bosses, 
containing muscles for flight, but there are no wings formed. At the 
last moult from the pupal stage wing pads emerge, but they are only 
small stumps instead of the normal wings. The other organs are similar. 
This may be designated as the ‘‘stumpy male.” 
Winged and wingless males in the same species are known to occur in other foreign 
species also, but I have come across no mention of this third type in the literature 
available in India. As specimens were collected in the field as well as in the labora- 
tory it appears to be of regular occurrence. 
Perhaps it may be possible to explain it on the hypothesis of scanty nutriment, — 
as it has been customary to do in the case of parthenogenetic females, where alate and 
apterous forms can be produced almost at will. Bvachyunguis harmalae seems to indi- 
cate that the constitution of the males also is similarly and even more susceptible to 
some sort of variation. In all probability, however, the main factor in the case of 
males is the necessity for ‘‘cross fertilisation ’’ in the species. As noted above the 
Peganum Aphid is “‘ protandrous,’’ that is the males form much in advance of the 
females. The majority of them die in a vain search for the females, which might 
appear even a month later. But there are always a tew males present when they 
mature. 
The apterous males attempt to creep out of the colony in which they were born ; 
the alate forms at once fly off and must effect cross-fertilisation, if they succeed at 
all. A failure in the attempt to form a winged male results in a ‘‘ stumpy male,’’ 
which functionally at least is as good as any other male. 
In this connection may be mentioned another well-known fact about Aphids 
recorded by several workers in Europe and America, that a very large proportion of 
the eggs never succeed in hatching. This is not simply due to adverse conditions 
