62 Memoirs of the Indian Museum. [Voi.. Ill, 



different parts of vegetables; lists of the host plants are given by Frauenfeld, 1856, 

 and by Schiner, 1858. These habits can be reduced to four types :— 



1. The Dacinae and most of the Ceratitininae live in the fruits of very 

 different species of plants ; they prefer fleshy fruits and are known as fruit-maggots ; 

 they dig into the pulp, going to the inner parts of the fruit and usually cause its 

 fall. 



2. Most of the Trypaneininae and Urophorinae live in the flower-heads of the 

 Compositae, usually without producing galls. 



3. Some species live in various parts of plants, such as stems, flower-stems, 

 buds, etc. ; and those which mine in the leaves of various Compositae and Umbelli- 

 ferae, such as certain species of Acidia, Spilographa and Euleja, are very remarkable. 



4. Finally some species make galls on various parts of the plants : on flowers, 

 stems and roots. Not less than 48 gall-making species belonging to nine different 

 genera are known in Europe, viz. about 17% of all the species known from this 

 region. 



The pupation of the larvae living in fruits takes place usually on the ground ; 

 those living in leaves, in flowers or in galls pupate on those parts. 



The puparia are of the usual barrel-shaped form ; they show the characters of 

 the mature larva on the spiracles and are various in colouring and appearance. I 

 have before me a certain number of puparia of Trypaneids, and the different 

 features of these specimens show the great variety of characters which the first stages 

 of these flies present. I will record here as an example the differences which are 

 to be seen on summary and superficial examination. Dacus oleae has a whitish 

 puparium, thin, smooth and almost opaque, with segmentation not prominent and 

 with the posterior spiracles yellow and rather approximate. Bactrocera tryoni- 

 ferruginea has a pale ferruginous puparium, with more approximated posterior 

 spiracles, which are placed in the middle of a pale yellow area. The segments are 

 more distinct and bear a row of very small spinules. The species B. ^Cucurbitae has 

 on the contrary a puparium very like that of D. oleae in colouring and appearance. 

 Anastrepha /rater cuius has a thin, pale yellow puparium, with more distinct segmen- 

 tation; the surface is smooth and with silky sheen, the posterior spiracles are 

 brown and somewhat approximate. This and the preceding genus have a broad, 

 transverse, wrinkled anal cicatrice, which in Dacus oleae is less developed and 

 smaller. Ceratitis capitata has a thin and smooth yellow puparium which does not 

 present a shining appearance. The posterior spiracles are dark yellow and approxi- 

 mate and the anal cicatrice is small and smooth. Acidia lucida and Euleia 

 heraclei have, according to Mik, a dull yellow puparium, with very hard and thick 

 skin and with well-marked segmentation. Zonosema alternata has a hard and thick, 

 opaque, pale yellow puparium ; the surface is smooth but with well-marked seg- 

 mentation; the posterior spiracles are yellow and somewhat distant and the anal 

 cicatrice is small. Another species of this genus (Z. mei genii) has, according to Mik, 

 a dark ferruginous and thin puparium. Rhagoletis cerasi has a puparium very like 

 that of Zonosema alternata. Gonyglossum wiedemanni has, according to Mik, a 



