1913-] M. Bezzi : Indian Trypaneids {Fruit-Flies) . 63 



dark ferruginous puparium, without prominent segmentation. Carpomyia vesuviana 

 and incomplet a have a hard and thick ^ opaque, pale yellow puparium ; the segmenta- 

 tion is well marked, and the surface shows transverse wrinkles ; the posterior spiracles 

 are rather distant and the anal cicatrice is small and smooth. Urophora cardtii, 

 according to Mik, has a dark ferruginous, flat segmented puparium with little silky 

 splendour. Myiopites blotii has a thin, smooth, yellow puparium without a shining 

 surface and with less distinct segmentation ; the posterior spiracles are very small 

 and rather distant. Euribia onotrophes, according to Mik, has a thin, whitish, 

 shining puparium, with marked ferruginous cross-wrinkles. Carphotficha pupillata, 

 described by the same author, has a black violet-coloured puparium, with prominent 

 segmentation and the surface strongly wrinkled, almost reticulate. Ensina sonchi 

 has a very shining, thin, transparent, white puparium, with less distinct segmenta- 

 tion and rather distant yellow posterior spiracles. Sphenella marginata has an ex- 

 traordinary thin, shining, brownish black puparium, which is very convex on the 

 back, where the segmentation is indistinct, and concave on the ventral surface which 

 is segmented and finely denticulate. The posterior spiracles are black and very 

 closely approximated. The species of the genus Oxyna show, according to Mik, thin, 

 smooth, flat segmented, pale ferruginous puparia, and those of Tephvitis thick, 

 wrinkled, more strongly segmented puparia. 



I will finally record that hymenopterous parasites of Trypaneids are known, 

 belonging to the Braconidae and to the Chalcididae and some of these can be used as 

 a natural method of coping with the flies. Among parasites of the genus Dacus (s. /.) 

 are known some Braconids of the genus Opias and many Chalcidids of the genera 

 Eupelmus, Eurytoma, Ormyrus, Dinar mus and Eulophvis; among those of the genus 

 Ceratitis, a species of Syntomosphyrum, found in India, and among parasites of the 

 genus Anastrepha some species of the Braconid genus Bioteres, etc. 



4. GEOGRAPHICA!, DISTRIBUTION. 



The family Trypaneidae is a large one ; it includes about 875 known species and 

 this number goes on increasing from year to year. Schiner in 1858 stated that the 

 known species were only 296. 



The family has a wide distribution over all the globe, from the Arctic to Tropical 

 regions; the number of the species naturally increasing from the north to the south. 

 From Lapponia 10 species are known, from England 64, fiom Austria about 100, and 

 from Italy about 130. 



From the Palaearctic region 290 species are known. From Africa and the adjacent 

 islands 160 species are known, 60 of which belong to the Mediterranean fauna and also 

 to the Palaearctic region. The truly Ethiopian species are about 100. From the 

 Oriental region the species known are 140, and 50 from the Austrahan. The North 

 American fauna includes 210 species^ and from South America about 70 species have 

 been recorded. There are also about 15 species whose habitat is unknown. 



The Indian fauna is as yet little known. In the present paper 69 species are 

 described ; with the addition of those recorded by other authors as Indian and no 



