64 Memoirs of the Indian Museum. [Voiv. Ill, 



existing in the collection studied, the total number does not reach 100, which must, 

 I think, be much less than one half of the species living in the country. As far as is 

 known, the Trypetid fauna of the Himalayas is of special character, of more Palaearc- 

 tic appearance. In Europe the Trypaneids go very high up on the mountains, follow- 

 ing their nutritive plants, chiefly the Compositae ; 13 species are even recorded from 

 the so-called " nival fauna." 



The true Dacinae are exclusively proper to tropical or subtropical countries, 

 Dacus oleae being the only example of a species going a little more towards the north. 

 They are almost exclusively confined to the old world. The Ceratitininae have their 

 head-quarters mostly in warm countries, but are also well enough represented in 

 temperate regions. Urophorinae and Trypaneininae, which contain most of the 

 species living on the Compositae, are, like these plants, more proper to temperate 

 regions and mountainous districts ; the Urophorinae, so far as is known, exclusively 

 inhabit the old world. 



Most of the well-defined genera show a restricted area of habitation ; and as the 

 various faunae become better known there is a tendency to making the genera more 

 restricted. The species of Trypaneidae with a wide area of distribution are very 

 few and in most cases this distribution is not a natural one, but is due to man. 

 So the very dangerous Ceratitis capitata is known from the warm countries of Europe, 

 Africa, Asia, Australia and North and South America. Some species of Dacus (s. /.) 

 also show a wide distribution, as D. oleae from the Mediterranean subregion and 

 from South Africa, D. Cucurbitae from India, Australia and some Pacific Islands. 

 Other examples are Carpomyia vesuviana from South Europe and India ; Euribia 

 Uorescentiae from Europe and North America ; Oxyna bullans from Europe and South 

 America ; Tephritis angttstipennis from Europe and North America and Trypanea 

 stellata from Europe and Australia. Characteristic genera of the Palaearctic region 

 seem to be Platyparea, Euphranta, Chaetostoma, Gonyglossum, Hemilea, Anomoea, 

 Zonosema, Rhacochlaena , Myiopites , Urophora and Hypenidium. 



True North American genera are Straussia, Oedicarena, Epochra, Stenopa, 

 Neaspilota, Peronyma, Icterica, Eurosta. Characteristic of the Neotropical fauna are 

 Hexachaeta, Polionot a, Cecidochares, Anastrepha, Toxotrypana, Blepharoneura, Eutreta, 

 Strohelia, Rhachtptera, Acrotaenia, Plagiotoma. 



The Ethiopian Trypetids are not yet divided into smaller genera, but there are 

 many characteristic forms which will serve in future for the erection of new genera. 

 Dacus (s. str.) and Leptoxys, Schistopterum, Rhochmopterum and Carpophthoromyia are 

 the only examples which can be given at present. 



The Australian species are very little known ; but this fauna also seems to have 

 a number of forms which are related to the Oriental ones along with some others 

 which are endemic ; for the latter no special genera have been as yet erected. As 

 special genera can only be recorded Lenophila, Cardiocera and Phaeogramma. It is 

 remarkable that no species of Trypaneids are known from New Zealand, with the 

 exception of those recently described by Brown, which are probably imported. 



The Oriental Trypaneids are very numerous and include a great many handsome 



