140 INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 



M. du Chatelier takes us to. the other extremity of Brittany. Out of 145 

 megaliths, dating from the stone age, he reports 20 inhumations, 72 cremations, 31 

 containing charcoal alone. In 22 no conclusions were possible. 



We see a similar state of affairs near the town of Reims, in the Puy du Dome, 1 

 in the Marne and in a number of other of the French Departments. The rule is 

 not universal, however. At Calvisson (Gard), for instance, we find neolithic burials 

 embracing cremation only. 2 



In Scotland we are able to cite only the celebrated cairns of Caithness. In 

 them at the same time are met with, without a clue to explain such characteristic 

 differences, the burial at length ; the skeleton flexed upon itself; and cremation. 



In Italy results are startling. " When you find," says Baron de Duhn, 3 "the 

 two forms of sepulture together, it is because two populations were living side by 

 side, and the predominance of one or of the other indicates that of the population 

 practising the prevailing rite." In Italy, inhumation was practised at first; incin- 

 eration appears with bronze ; next inhumation returns with the oldest Etruscans. 

 Incontestable proofs of this have been found at Alba, at Chiusi, at Pisa and at 

 different points in upper Italy. At Felsina, the ancient metropolis of the Etruscans, 

 the present Bologna, burials by incineration and burials by inhumation were con- 

 temporary. A like state of affairs existed at Certosa, at Marzabotto, at Villanova. 

 In the necropolis of Villanova inhumations predominate ; 4 at Marzabotto the two 

 forms are of equal occurrence. 5 



Various Austrian provinces furnish indisputable evidence. At Santa Lucia ; 

 at Rosegg, in the Drave valley ; at Rovische, in the Basse Carniole ; at Vermo, in 

 Styria ; at Watsch ; at San Margarethen ; and especially at Hallstatt, which has 

 given its name to a period whose beginning dates back 2000 years at least before 

 our era; we constantly see the two rites in concurrent use. 6 The relationship 

 between them varies only according to localities. At Watsch, for instance, with 

 200 tombs where incineration was employed, there were hardly a dozen where 

 skeletons were found. But nothing would seem to indicate that these latter were 

 destined for people of a lower class ; while they were not protected by great slabs 

 of stone like the others, their mortuary equipment was richer and the objects of 

 bronze gave evidence of a higher art. 7 At Rovische researches yield at times quad- 

 rangular cases of stone each enclosing an urn filled with the ashes of the dead, or 

 a skeleton stretched at full length, the head to the east, with an urn at its feet, 

 clasps on the chest, rings on the fingers. At Santa Lucia, on the left bank of the 

 Idria, at its point of union with the Isonzo, 1200 tombs, previously unopened, 



1 Cartailhac, Mat. pour I'hist. de Vlxomme, t. IV, l re Serie, p. 267; t. XII, 2 e S., p. 145. 



2 Ass. Scient. de France, Marseille, 1891. 



3 Remarques sur la question Etrusqiie, Berlin, 1890. 



4 Count Conestabile, Rev. Arch., t. XXVIII, pp. 253, 320. 



5 Count Gozzadini, Atti e Memorie di Storia delV Emilia, nnova seria, t. VI, p. 1. 



11 Hochstetter, Die neueste Grdberfunde von Watsch und S. Margarethen und der Culturkreise 

 der Hallstatten Periode. 



7 Notably there have been found many situlce and plates from sword belts, bearing in repousse 

 military, religious, or civil scenes, a regular album of the persons buried. A. Bertrand, Les Celtes dans 

 les Vallees du P6 et du Danube. 



