INHUMATION AND INCINERATION IN EUROPE. 141 



were discovered. Incineration had been employed in them in by far the greatest 

 number. 1 



Investigations were begun at Hallstatt in 1846. Nowhere, according to Baron 

 de Sacken, who for a long time directed the work, has there been observed in the 

 same region modes of burial so diverse and in part so remarkable — the incineration 

 of bodies, the mingling in the same tomb of bodies burnt and bodies buried — 

 nowhere in fine has there been observed on so great a scale a mixture of types 

 belonging more particularly to the bronze and to the iron age. According to the 

 latest information we learn that 993 tombs have been searched. Of these 527 show 

 burials, 453 cremations. The funeral trappings were well preserved as a rule. 

 There were discovered 640 objects in gold, 5574 in bronze, 593 in iron, 270 in amber, 

 73 in glass, 1243 in terra cotta. 2 In those tombs in which burial was practised the 

 dead were laid out clothed in their garments. 



If we look toward Germany we see similar cases. In tumuli near the lakes 

 of Ammer and of Staffel, in upper Bavaria, which are of the later Hallstatt period, 

 we find, out of 121 tombs, 44 given to incineration, 18 to inhumation, and 59 which 

 show no trace of bones or of fire, though they contain the same mortuary deposits 

 as the others. Later, in tombs attributed to the iron age, all the bodies are cremated. 



In Hesse, Thuringia, Franconia, in the countries forming the extreme west of 

 Germany, inhumation was the general rule during the entire stone age. 3 In Meck- 

 lemburg — an exception, no other example of which I know — men were buried, 

 women incinerated. 



In the tombs of Prussia and of the grand duchy of Posen the presence of 

 skeletons and of urns filled with ashes proves the existence at the same time of the 

 two methods of disposing of the dead. 4 The tumuli of eastern Prussia, notably 

 those of Birkenhof, tell a different story. They enclose a varying number of stone 

 cysts containing urns with incinerated bones. Each cyst was surrounded by a 

 circle of stones, and often a larger circle of stones on end encircled -several cysts. 

 These urns, made without the use of the potter's wheel, frequently had two handles. 

 Investigation yielded many objects in amber, but on the other hand articles of 

 bronze, and of iron especially, were of the greatest rarity. 5 



Scandinavia shows a duplication of the points noted in the north of Germany. 

 At clivers places are remarked the simultaneous use of the burial rite and of 

 destruction by fire. 6 



In Bosnia the gromilas, or tumuli, go back to the Hallstatt period. Cremation, 

 however, is rare. Of 140 tumuli recently investigated, but 11 showed complete 

 incineration, and 18, where the burning was partial. In all the others the body had 

 been buried. 7 



1 Hochstetter, VII Bericht der Prdhistorischen Commission. Wien, 1884. 



2 Mitth. der Anthrop. Gesellschaft in Wien 1887-8. Dr. Hsernes, Revue d' Anth. May, 1889. 

 A. Bertrand, Rev. d'Ethn. 1883. 



3 W. Schmidt, Cong. Anth. de Paris, 1878, pp. 285-7. 



4 Kohn u. Mehlis, Materialen zur Vorgeschichte des Menschen im Ostlichen Europa. 



5 O. Tischler, Ostpreusiche Grabhugel. 



6 W. Schmidt, I. c. 



" Fouilles des galgals prehist. de Orassinac, L' 'Anthropologic 1896, p. 213. 



18 JOUEN. A. N. S. PHILA., VOL. XL 



