408 THE OSTEOLOGY OF VULPES MACROTIS. 



The one from the left side is here shown in fig. 8 of Plate XXIII, seen upon its 

 dorsal surface. A small double foramen, or twin foramina, are seen in the post- 

 scapula part near the hinder margin, that may or not be present in the scapulas of 

 other individuals. Sharp and thin, the decidedly convex margin of the pr&scapula 

 has its bounding rim slightly thickened, but not nearly so much so as the straight 

 margin of the glenoid or posterior border, where, too, the edge for its entire length 

 is raised and tilted outward and backward. On the other hand, the supra-scapular 

 border, which is very slightly convex upward, has its edge about as thick as the 

 antero-superior part of the coracoid or anterior border, and is the continuation of it. 

 It meets the thickened glenoid border almost at a right angle, which angle is 

 especially thickened. As to the amount of surface, the prcsscapula and the post- 

 scapula areas are about equal, while that of the mesoscapula presents an anterior 

 surface about equal to half the praescapular area, and a posterior surface about equal 

 to half the area of the postscapular. The inner or thoracic surface of the scapula 

 is generally smooth, being but slightly ridged and roughened in certain places for 

 the origin and insertion of muscles. There is a sub-vertical shallow groove present, 

 extending from the glenoid cavity to the junction of the anterior and posterior 

 borders that indicates the location of the base of the " spine of the scapula," or 

 meso-scapula of the other side of the bone. An acromion process is well developed. 

 If we hold the bone in its normal position as the animal stands up, it is gently 

 curled backward. The coracoid is thick and strong, and it adds considerable 

 strength to the anterior part of the glenoid cavity. This last has a subelliptical 

 outline, is moderately concave, the major axis of the concavity being in the longitu- 

 dinal direction, or in a plane roughly parallel to one in which the spinal column is 

 situated. A slight constriction or neck joins the glenoidal portion of the scapula 

 with its " blade." This scapula has an extreme height of about six centimeters 

 and a width of about 3.5 cms. 



The Arm, Forearm and Manus (PI. XXIII). — In describing this part of 

 the skeleton, as well as the bones of the posterior extremit} 7 , the terms of the 

 relative position employed are those which the bones assume when the animal 

 stands or walks in the ordinary way. 



Upon examining the humerus, it is found to present all the usual characters 

 found in that bone among the Canidge generally. This statement also applies to 

 the remaining bones of the pectoral limb, as well as to those of the skeleton of the 

 hinder extremity. As shown in figure 9, the humerus is very slightly shorter than 

 it actually is in life, judging from the specimen at hand. It has an extreme length 

 of 9.2 cms., the ulna having a length of 10.2 cms., and the radius shorter than 

 either measures but 8.7 cms. 



At the proximal extremity of the humerus we find the smooth, convex head of 

 the bone, with its axis directed upward and backward. There is scarcely any neck 

 between it and the rest of the bone, though the articular portion below curls over 

 the part commonly so considered. To its inner side is the lesser tuberosity, it being 

 well developed. To the outer side of this, and distinctly marked off by the rather 



