Address of A. F. Wallace at the Glasgow Meeting. 855 
to the end of the volume no whit the wiser as to how and why 
the surface of the earth came to be so wonderfully and beauti- 
fully diversified ; we were not told why some mountains are 
rounded and others precipitous; why some valleys are wide and 
open, others narrow and rocky; why rivers so often pierce 
through, mountain-chains; why mountain lakes are often so 
enormously deep ; whence came the gravel, and drift, and erratic 
blocks, so strangely spread over wide areas while totally absent 
account of the varied phenomena presented by its surface. 
But of late years these surface-phenomena have been assidu- 
geology with a new and popular interest, and at the same time 
elucidating many of the phenomena presented in the older for- 
ations. 
Now, just as a surface-geology was required to complete that 
scence, so a surface-biology was wanted to make the science of 
f ilies, genera, and species; while the field-naturalist studies 
ous their food and habits and general economy. But till 
quite recently, none of these earnest students, nor all of them 
*nimals so often larger than those which are now living? What - 
end ed to the production of the gorgeous train of the peacock 
of the two kinds of flower in the primrose? The solution 
