Botany and Zoology. 417 
~322.)—Decandolle, in his Geographie Botanique, has omitted to notice 
_ among vegetable stations that around volcanic craters. In Java there are 
‘more than sixty of these craters, all isolated and surrounded by vast vir- 
gin forests. When the craters are active and send forth lava, (which is 
_not the case with the Java voleanoes,) or cinders, or sand and fragments 
' of rock, or when they exhale continually vapors and gases, then there is 
no vegetation, except some Oscillarias, which are found in r 
springs. It is only when the direct — action is diminished by the 
effect of time, or the distance of the crater, that a special vegetation 
an interior sae nearest to the centre of voleanic action; 2, A mi ial 
_ Zone surrounding the first; 3, An exterior zon 
nterior Zone.—This exhibits mostly small species scattered here 
and there, belonging to the lower order of plants, and to those having 
no corolla. Among them are, Oscillaria labyrinthiformis, Ag?, in 
warm ae Caladodia macilenta, Hoff., and C. bacillaris or obtusa of 
Scheer. ; some Fungi belonging to the genus Polyporus ; a Marchantia ; 
hei mucronifolium, BI., and. Glechenié vulcanica, Bl. Among Cype- 
racex, Phacellanthus multiflorus, Steud. Polygonum corymbosum, Bl., 
is the only Dicotyledon. 
Il. Middle Regio n.—Many social ferns occur here, some Dicotyledons, 
for the most part small shrubby plants.. Among the ferns are: Poly- 
ium Horsefieldii, R. Br. (3000—8000 feet), Pieris aurita, ee 
Blechnum pyrophyllum, Bl. Gleichenia t lon- 
gissima, Kze., Lycopodium spectabile, Bl., L. trichiatum, Bory. We 
also meet still with Phacellanthus multiflorus, a Carex, Polygonum 
corymbosum, and es agence. A —_ of Axtennaria and 
Anaphalis among Composite, and certain Ericaces appear; also, Leon- 
topodium, Hlsholtzia elata, Wahlonbergia lavendulafolia, DC., Ophe- 
lia sahass, Hassk., O. caerulescens, Zoll., Melastoma setigerum, BL (the 
cells of which are said by M. Zollinger to contain ¢ ig ares: of pu = re sul- 
cles! medion javensis, Bl., Rubus lineatus, Reinw., 
UL &: “Beterior Region.—This ‘=p gradually loses itself in the ordi- 
nary forest ne iggy Some rare mosses, ferns, and orchids appear at 
the outer portion of the region. iuaas oe: plants may be noticed 
Synecia (Ficus) diversifolia, 7e2 Rhododendron 
petes elliptica, Don 
. tana, Leseh, and C.J unghunkniana, Mig., are on the outer 
Side of the Misaeeg We find also here an arborescent Boehmeria ee a 
iain jum. Some twining oe form sea species, such as 
phora, Bl., and some varieties of Polygonum corym- 
fal 
pm 
e Seccliiatia <o. xxv; ne. otidh a 
54 
