Geographical Notices. — ¥ 91 
tor who entered New York harbor. This he did from the pont 
west, in the year 1524, The year after Estevan Gomez came 
it by chance from the northeast, and it was not visited again “il 
1609; when Henry Hudson thoroughly explored it, in the nota- 
ble Dutch ship, Haalve Maan. The track of his return voyage, 
—east-southeast to latitude 80° 30’ north, then direct to England, 
—'‘may be considered as the first direct home route from ow 
York to Europe ever performed by an Huropean navigator.” 
the days of the Manhattan settlement the dutch skippers bou 
for New Amsterdam usually “laid Ratt course for the 
islands, whence ey stretched across the ‘Adlantig, a 
Guiana and the C aribbees, and heh ran obliquely to the north- 
west, between the Bahamas and Berm until they made the 
const. ass Virginia,” usually occupying sboutoe seven weeks. 
E ON THE COMPARATIVE TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR AND 
SEA. eo Dove has lately published,* with comments, tables 
of the temperature of the air and water, derived from observa- 
tions made at Poperas and Copenhagen, on the Baltic, and at 
several seaports in Irelan 
The tables uiceds that the excess of the warmth of the sea 
above that of the air is greatest in November, and that the 
greatest relative cooling of the sea occurs in Pb and Ire- 
land in May, in Copenhagen in April an 
On the coast of Ireland throughout the ee temperature 
of the sea is higher than that of the air, w a the water of the 
Bale from March to the spree ane July is colder than =e 
The remarka cable fact, which is brought out, that the average 
temperature of the water through the year is higher than that 
of the air, shows that the sea is a source of warmth. Two rea- 
sons, te Prof, Dove, can be assigned for this. Since the tem- 
perature of the earth pee ina upon land diminishes mate- 
- pally the deeper we go, the bottom of the sea would have a 
much higher temperature if it lay as far under a solid surface as 
it does under a fluid. But since it has not this higher tempera- 
ture it must have given it up. -As now on the surface of the 
sea, the cooled dro ps becoming hea’ gpote snk jp the potion, Sey 
take away Kes ontact its warmth and haps te 80 the ton aS 
_ dispossessed by new colder sinking drops. he mo- 
tion of the he nay be pnd ane of wa since 
recent e establish that. by the friction of fluids heat 
